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Corporate Governance
BAIDU.COM, INC. CODE OF BUSINESS CONDUCT AND ETHICS
Summary
This Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the "Code") applies to all of the employees, officers, advisors and directors of Baidu.com, Inc., a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, its subsidiaries and/or affiliated entities (collectively, the "Company"), whether such person works for the Company on a full-time, part-time, consultative, or temporary basis (each, an "Employee" and collectively, the "Employees").
This Code contains general guidelines for conducting the business of the Company consistent with the highest standards of business ethics, and is intended to qualify as a "code of ethics" within the meaning of Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules promulgated thereunder. To the extent this Code requires higher standards than those required by commercial practice or applicable laws, rules or regulations, the Company adheres to these higher standards.
Guidelines
This Code is designed to deter wrongdoing and to promote:
* compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations;
* honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships; and
* full, fair, accurate and timely disclosure in reports and documents that the Company will file with, or submit to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") and in other public communications made by the Company.
This Code shall be implemented at all levels of hierarchy of the Company. All Employees are responsible for being aware of, adhering to and ensuring that others abide by the Code.
Applicable Laws, Regulations and Policies
Each Employee has an obligation to comply with the laws of the cities, provinces, regions and countries in which the Company operates. This includes, without limitation, laws covering securities, labor, employment, commercial bribery and kickbacks, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets, information privacy, insider trading, offering or receiving gratuities, employment harassment, occupational health and safety, false or misleading financial information or misuse of corporate assets. Employees are expected to understand and comply with all laws, rules and regulations that apply to their respective positions at the Company.
Each Employee shall immediately report to the Company in accordance with the Whistleblower Rules and Procedures, as stipulated in Section 10 of this Code, any violations of the applicable laws and regulations as well as of any provisions of the Code.
If any doubt exists about whether a course of action is lawful or in compliance with the Company's policies, the Employee should seek advice immediately from his/her departmental head, HR director, the Company's in-house lawyers or CEO to avoid any possible violations. Failure to do so constitutes a violation of the Code.
Employment Practices
* 4.1 Observing Applicable Employment Laws and Agreements
The Company observes fair employment practices in every aspect of its business. The following is intended to be a summary of the Company's employment practices. The Employees must comply with all applicable labor and employment laws and employment agreements entered into between the Company and Employees. If there is any conflict between the applicable law and this Code, the applicable law prevails.

• 4.2 Working Environment
  The Company is dedicated to creating a high-quality working environment under which Employees respect and trust each other such that each Employee acts in an honest, friendly and proactive way with a responsible attitude and high moral standard.
  o Harassment Prevention
  The Company prohibits harassment in any form, whether physical or verbal and whether committed by supervisors, non-supervisory personnel or non-Employees. Harassment may include, but is not limited to, offensive sexual flirtations, unwanted sexual advances or propositions, verbal abuse, sexually or racially degrading words, or the display in the workplace of sexually suggestive objects or pictures.
  o Discrimination Prevention
  The Company is committed to providing equal opportunity and fair treatment to all individuals on the basis of merit, without discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion, national origin, sex (including pregnancy), age, disability, marital status or other characteristics protected by law.
  o No Alcohol and Smoking
  The Company is committed to maintaining a non-smoking workplace. Smoking is prohibited on the premises of the Company including bathrooms.
  Drinking alcoholic beverages is prohibited while on duty or on the premises of the Company, except when expressly allowed at functions or at events sponsored by the Company or permitted by the Company.
  o Violence Prevention
  The Company considers the safety and security of its Employees to be vitally important. The Company does not tolerate violence, hostility, or threats of violence at its workplace.
  o Protection of Privacy of Employees The Company is committed to giving due respect to the privacy of its Employees. The Company shall refrain from interfering with or paying undue attention to the personal lives of its Employees unless the personal actions and behaviors have a negative impact on the Employee's work performance or the reputation and legitimate commercial interests of the Company.
  o Open Communication
  The Company encourages open and honest communication about different views.
  o Valuing Employees as Important Assets
  The Company believes its Employees are important assets and keys to its success. The Company is committed to establishing a fair and equal evaluation and incentive mechanism to maintain a stable and highly efficient working environment. The Company strives to maintain its success by providing opportunities that enable Employees to realize their values and careers.
  o Conflicts of Interest
  The Company expects that each Employee will use his/her best efforts to discharge his/her duty in an honest and upright manner. This requires each Employee to avoid conflicts of interest between his/her personal interest and the interest of the Company. A conflict of interest occurs when an Employee's private interest interferes, or appears to interfere, in any way with the interests of the Company as a whole. Employees should actively avoid any private interest that may influence their ability to act in the interests of the Company or that may make it difficult to perform their work objectively and effectively. For detailed provisions regarding conflicts of interest, please refer to Rules for Avoiding Conflicts of Interest. Besides stipulated prohibitions on employees in Rules for Avoiding Conflicts of Interest, Baidu.com, Inc., as a Nasdaq-listed company, is prohibited from directly or indirectly, including through any subsidiary, extending or maintaining credit in the form of a personal loan to or for any of its directors or officers (or equivalent thereof)

  • 4.3 Illegal or Improper Actions
    Employees are prohibited to conduct illegal or improper actions, which include, without limitation:
    o any action that violates applicable laws or public interests;
    o engagement in malpractice or dereliction of duties;
    o failure to discharge responsibility, duty and obligation;
    o failure to disclose ancillary agreements or private agreements entered into with an agent, client, supplier or partner;
    o misrepresentations regarding personal experience or personal physical and medical conditions to the Company; and
    o disparaging the Company, other Employees or competitors of the Company without any legitimate ground.

  • 4.4 Deception and Similar Violations of Rules
    All Employees must be conscious of deceptive acts, misleading or false book entries and any other prohibited acts provided in Rules Prohibiting Side Agreements, Rules for Avoiding Conflicts of Interest and Rules for Use and Disclosure of Information. If an Employee becomes aware of any such acts, the Employee shall immediately report the act to the Company in accordance with Whistleblower Rules and Procedures stipulated in Section 10 of this Code.
    Relationships with Competitors
    The Company is committed to free and open competition in the marketplace. Employees should avoid actions that would be contrary to laws governing competitive practices in the marketplace. Such actions include misappropriation and/or misuse of a competitor's confidential information or making false statements about the competitor's business and business practices or unduly impairing the commercial goodwill of its competitors.
    Illegal or Improper Payments
    The Company's business conduct is founded on the principle of "fair transaction." Therefore, the Company and Employees can not offer kickbacks, bribe others, or secretly offer commissions or any other personal benefits in any form. During the course of promoting the Company's products and services, if it is necessary to offer discounts to customers, such discounts must be given openly, evidenced by supporting documents and shall be reported to the accounting department for book entry.
    Public Disclosure, Financial Management, Accounting Procedures and Book Entries

• 7.1 Complete, Accurate and Timely Disclosure
  Upon the completion of its initial public offering, the Company will be a public company which is required to report its financial results and other material information about its business to the public and the SEC. It is the Company's policy to promptly disclose accurate and complete information regarding its business, financial condition and results of operations. Employees must strictly comply with all applicable standards, laws, regulations and policies for accounting and financial reporting of transactions, estimates and forecasts. Inaccurate, incomplete or untimely reporting will not be tolerated and can severely damage the Company and result in legal liability.

  The Company endeavors to design, establish and operate an effective internal control over accounting and financial reporting to ensure that all transactions will be duly authorized and recorded, complying with the applicable laws. Internal control includes, without limitation, written policies and procedures, reviews and monitoring by various levels of management, budgetary control and many other examinations and settlements.

  The Company is committed to designing and implementing a set of disclosure procedures to ensure that all information required to be disclosed by the relevant regulatory bodies and supervisory authorities will be disclosed. Each Employee must be aware that it is not only the finance department's responsibility, but also his/her responsibility to follow the internal control and disclosure procedures to ensure that the information disclosed is complete, full, accurate, timely and understandable. The Company requires every Employee to be familiar, and strictly comply, with its internal control and disclosure procedures.

  Specifically, Employees shall adhere to the following guidelines, which include, without limitation:
  o All commercial transactions shall be duly authorized and relevant records must be true, complete and accurate in all material respects.
  o All accounting records and financial statements derived therefrom shall comply with applicable laws and regulations and shall not contain any false or misleading entries.
  o All Employees shall fully abide by the Company's Records Retention Policy and act as required by the Company's internal auditors or outside auditors.
  o No Employees shall withhold information required to be disclosed to the Company's internal auditors or outside auditors or make false or misleading statements to the auditors.
  o Undisclosed or unrecorded funds, payments or receipts are strictly prohibited. Employees shall promptly report any possibility of inaccurate or incomplete financial reporting. Particular attention should be paid to:
  o financial results that seem inconsistent with the performance of the underlying business;
  o transactions that do not seem to have an obvious business purpose; and
  o requests to circumvent ordinary review and approval procedures.

• 7.2 Public Communications
  The Company places a high value on its credibility and reputation. What is written or said about the Company in the news media and investment community directly impacts its reputation, positively or negatively. The Company's policy is to provide timely, accurate and complete information in response to public requests (media, analysts, etc.), consistent with its obligations to maintain the confidentiality of competitive and proprietary information and to prevent selective disclosure of market-sensitive financial data.
  o Compliance with Regulation FD and Communications with Investment Community The Company is strongly encouraged to follow the requirements of Regulation FD ("Fair Disclosure") promulgated under the U.S. securities laws in the same manner as if it were a U.S. domestic reporting company. Regulation FD provides that, when a company discloses material, non-public information about the company to securities market professionals or shareholders (where it is reasonably foreseeable that the shareholders will trade on the information), that company must also instantaneously disclose the information to the public. "Securities market professionals" generally include analysts, institutional investors and other investment advisors.

  Only the Investor Relations Manager is authorized to disclose information about the Company in response to requests from securities market professionals or shareholders. No Employee shall, without first obtaining explicit approval from the Investor Relations Manager, communicate directly with the investment community (including but not limited to shareholders, analysts, fund managers or potential investors) any information regarding the Company, regardless whether such information has been disclosed publicly or not. If an Employee receives a request for information from any securities market professionals or shareholders, he or she should promptly contact the Investor Relations Manager to coordinate a response to such request.

  o Communications with Media
  No Employee shall communicate with any media, publicly or privately, without first consulting with the Company's personnel responsible for releasing information. In the event any issue arises that may emerge as a potential public relations emergency, such as customer's complaints written on a public forum, Employees shall immediately report such incident to the personnel responsible for releasing information. If any member of the media asks for information about the Company or makes any other requests, Employees shall refer their inquiries or requests to the Company's Investor Relations Manager. For more detailed provisions regarding relationships with the media, Employees shall refer to Rules for External Communications by Senior Management and Other Employees to ensure that every Employee will act in accordance with the prescribed conduct rules.
  Business Partners, Suppliers and Clients

• 8.1 Procurement of Goods and Services We guarantee fair dealings with our suppliers and we choose our suppliers through a fair evaluation of competitive bids. No Employee shall discriminate against or deceive a supplier. The decision to choose a particular supplier shall be made by reference to the price, service, quality and reputation of the supplier as considered in the context of the Company's long-term commercial interests.

  All Employees should endeavor to deal fairly and honestly with the Company's suppliers. No Employee shall attempt to unduly influence the process of choosing a supplier or treat any particular supplier on a preferential basis that would damage the supplier assessment and selection process. Employees should not accept or solicit any personal gains from any supplier that might compromise, or appear to compromise, their objective assessment of the supplier. Employees shall hold the pricing or product information provided by the supplier or potential supplier in confidence. Execution of a supply agreement must be properly approved. A supply agreement must be specific as to the service and product involved, payment term, contract price and expenses, and the purchase price must be consistent with the service or products involved.

• 8.2 Gifts and Entertainment
  The Company's business is founded on the principle of "fair transaction." Therefore, no Employee may receive kickbacks, bribe others, or secretly receive commissions or any other personal benefits. Appropriate business gifts and entertainment are welcome courtesies, however, giving or receiving gifts or entertainment is deemed by the Company as tending to impose an improper influence on a person.

  No Employee or his/her family members shall receive gifts, services, touring arrangements and entertainment that may affect his/her judgment in fulfilling his/her obligations to the Company.

  Each Employee must report to his/her departmental head any gifts offered and seek the departmental head's approval prior to receiving such gifts. Each such case shall be filed with HR department at the same time. Any Employee who is faced with an inducement to any particular business decision shall report the case to his/her departmental head. Employees may only accept gifts that do not carry any commercial value, such as a notepad or calendar. Employees should not accept gifts under the following circumstances if such gifts:
  o may result in any unnecessary or unwanted publicity of the Company;
  o may influence the Company or place the Company in a dilemma;
  o may obligate the recipient in any way; or
  o are in the form of cash or cash equivalents.
  All gifts and entertainment expenses made on behalf of the Company must be properly accounted for in expense reports.

• 8.3 Relationships with Customers or Potential Customers
  The Company's business success depends upon its ability to cultivate lasting customer relationships. The Company is committed to dealing with customers fairly, honestly and with integrity. Specifically, each Employee should keep the following guidelines in mind when dealing with customers or potential customers:
  o Information the Company supplies to customers should be accurate to the best of its knowledge. Employees should not deliberately misrepresent information about the Company or its competitors to customers. Comments on its competitors or making comparisons thereof must be fair and accurate and based on publicly available information.
  o No Employee may enter into an ancillary agreement or private agreement with customers other than the Company's standard form of agreement.
  o No Employee may directly or indirectly bribe government officials in any form for the purpose of acquiring or retaining certain customers.

• 8.4 Compliance with Relevant Requirements in the Company's Other Policies
  Employees must comply with other requirements related to business partners, suppliers and clients stipulated in the Company's policies and rules other than this Code, including, without limitation, Rules Prohibiting Side Agreements.
  Confidentiality and Protection of Company Information and Assets

• 9.1 Use and Disclosure of Company Information In order to:
  o ensure that all of the Company's Employees keep in strict confidence the confidential information regarding business, technology and other aspects, as a property of the Company, without privately disclosing the aforesaid information to any third parties; and
  o comply with all applicable laws and regulations concerning "material non-public information," protect the material, non-public information from being disclosed without authorization and guard against misuse of the "material non-public information" in transactions of the Company's securities, the Company formulates and adopts Rules for Use and Disclosure of Information, which provides guidelines to the Employees in fulfilling their responsibilities regarding the confidentiality of information.

  • 9.2 Protection of Company Assets It is each Employee's responsibility to safeguard the Company's assets against damage, misuse, theft and inadvertent access by others and comply with all requirements related to the Company's assets. The Company's assets include, without limitation, information, technical materials, software, information systems, construction, equipment, files and cash. The use of the Company's assets is limited to the Company's legitimate business purpose. Upon termination of employment, or at such time as the Company requests, an Employee must return to the Company all of its property without exception, including files and all forms of medium containing confidential information, including any and all duplicates. All inventions, creative works, computer software, and technical or trade secrets developed by an Employee in the course of performing the Employee's duties, or primarily through the use of the Company's materials and technical resources while working at the Company, shall be treated as the intellectual property of the Company and, as confidential information, shall be protected by the Company's Rules for Use and Disclosure of Information. The Company respects the proprietary rights of other companies and requires its Employees to comply with the laws and regulations that protect such proprietary rights. Violations Reporting and Non-retaliation

• Violations Reporting
  In order to ensure that all Employees as well as other companies, organizations and individuals who deal with the Company have an effective channel to report non-compliance of the Code and related policies, the Company institutes Whistleblower Rules and Procedures. All Employees are obliged to report any known or suspected violations to designated departments according to the Whistleblower Rules and Procedures.

• Non-Retaliation of Reporting Retaliation by the Company or other Employees against an Employee who, in good faith, seeks help or reports known or suspected violations is strictly prohibited. However, malicious or vexatious reports or false allegations may result in disciplinary action. To eliminate fear of retaliation as a result of lawful and bona fide reporting of violations, the Company formulates and adopts the Rules Against Retaliation upon Reporting, which all Employees shall read carefully.
  Punishment for Violations of the Code and Related Policies
  Any Employee who violates the Code and related policies will be subject to disciplinary action up to and including termination of employment. For details, please refer to Rules for Awarding and Punishing Employees. Conduct that violates the Code cannot be justified by claiming that it was ordered by a supervisor or someone in higher management. The Employee, on behalf of himself/herself as an individual, is also legally liable for his/her conduct if such conduct violates applicable laws and regulations.
  Amendments and Waivers

• Amendments
  The Company's Human Resources (or "HR") Department may review this Code quarterly and propose amendments (if any) to the Board of Directors for its approval.

  Amendments to the Code and related policies shall be distributed to all Employees in writing via e-mail or hard copy for acknowledgement. The Code shall be posted on the Company's intranet website. In addition, the HR department shall conduct appropriate trainings as necessary and distribute updated versions of the Code to all Employees for execution of a written acknowledgement in the form attached as Appendix I hereto.

• Waivers
  Waivers of this Code will be granted on a case-by-case basis and only in extraordinary circumstances. Waivers of this Code may be made only by the Board, or the appropriate committee of the Board.
  Inquiry about the Code
  The Code is intended to clarify principles and standards concerning business conduct and serves as guidance for Employees. It is not intended to encompass every event that may arise from time to time. If an Employee encounters any events that are not covered by this Code or has any questions on any matters included in this Code, the Employees are encouraged to consult with the Company's HR, legal and internal audit departments.
  Employees shall also comply with other internal rules in force and effect, from time to time, including, but not limited to, Rules for Avoiding Conflicts of Interest, Rules for Use and Disclosure of Information, Rules Prohibiting Side Agreements, Whistleblower Rules and Procedures and Rules Against Retaliation upon Reporting.
  Effective Date: July 1, 2005
  Prepared and Revised by: Human Resources, Legal and Internal Audit Departments
  Approved by: The Board of Directors on July 1, 2005
  As a Nasdaq-listed company, Baidu.com, Inc. ("Baidu") has adopted a series of corporate governance policies and ethics rules, including the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics posted on Baidu's website. In order to further implement and monitor compliance with such policies and rules, Baidu sets up this Ethics Hotline to receive complaints about any Baidu employee's possible violation of these policies and rules. If you make a complaint through this Ethics Hotline, we encourage you to leave your name and contact information with us to aid our investigation. We will contact you within 15 working days upon receipt of your complaint if we have your contact information. We intend to conduct a thorough investigation fair to the concerned parties while preserving the information relating to yourself in confidence to the maximum extent permissible under applicable law.
  Automated Voicemail System: (00-8610) 8262-1188 Ext. 8888
  E-mail: bdjb@baidu.com
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  Wkh Frpsdqb hqfrxudjhv rshq dqg krqhvw frppxqlfdwlrq derxw gliihuhqw ylhzv.
  r Ydoxlqj Hpsorbhhv dv Lpsruwdqw Dvvhwv
  Wkh Frpsdqb eholhyhv lwv Hpsorbhhv duh lpsruwdqw dvvhwv dqg nhbv wr lwv vxffhvv. Wkh Frpsdqb lv frpplwwhg wr hvwdeolvklqj d idlu dqg htxdo hydoxdwlrq dqg lqfhqwlyh phfkdqlvp wr pdlqwdlq d vwdeoh dqg kljkob hiilflhqw zrunlqj hqylurqphqw. Wkh Frpsdqb vwulyhv wr pdlqwdlq lwv vxffhvv eb surylglqj rssruwxqlwlhv wkdw hqdeoh Hpsorbhhv wr uhdolch wkhlu ydoxhv dqg fduhhuv.
  r Frqiolfwv ri Lqwhuhvw
  Wkh Frpsdqb hashfwv wkdw hdfk Hpsorbhh zloo xvh klv/khu ehvw hiiruwv wr glvfkdujh klv/khu gxwb lq dq krqhvw dqg xsuljkw pdqqhu. Wklv uhtxluhv hdfk Hpsorbhh wr dyrlg frqiolfwv ri lqwhuhvw ehwzhhq klv/khu shuvrqdo lqwhuhvw dqg wkh lqwhuhvw ri wkh Frpsdqb. D frqiolfw ri lqwhuhvw rffxuv zkhq dq Hpsorbhh'v sulydwh lqwhuhvw lqwhuihuhv, ru dsshduv wr lqwhuihuh, lq dqb zdb zlwk wkh lqwhuhvwv ri wkh Frpsdqb dv d zkroh. Hpsorbhhv vkrxog dfwlyhob dyrlg dqb sulydwh lqwhuhvw wkdw pdb lqioxhqfh wkhlu delolwb wr dfw lq wkh lqwhuhvwv ri wkh Frpsdqb ru wkdw pdb pdnh lw gliilfxow wr shuirup wkhlu zrun remhfwlyhob dqg hiihfwlyhob. Iru ghwdlohg surylvlrqv uhjduglqj frqiolfwv ri lqwhuhvw, sohdvh uhihu wr Uxohv iru Dyrlglqj Frqiolfwv ri Lqwhuhvw. Ehvlghv vwlsxodwhg surklelwlrqv rq hpsorbhhv lq Uxohv iru Dyrlglqj Frqiolfwv ri Lqwhuhvw, Edlgx.frp, Lqf., dv d Qdvgdt-olvwhg frpsdqb, lv surklelwhg iurp gluhfwob ru lqgluhfwob, lqfoxglqj wkurxjk dqb vxevlgldub, hawhqglqj ru pdlqwdlqlqj fuhglw lq wkh irup ri d shuvrqdo ordq wr ru iru dqb ri lwv gluhfwruv ru riilfhuv (ru htxlydohqw wkhuhri)

  • 4.3 Loohjdo ru Lpsurshu Dfwlrqv
    Hpsorbhhv duh surklelwhg wr frqgxfw loohjdo ru lpsurshu dfwlrqv, zklfk lqfoxgh, zlwkrxw olplwdwlrq:
    r dqb dfwlrq wkdw ylrodwhv dssolfdeoh odzv ru sxeolf lqwhuhvwv;
    r hqjdjhphqw lq pdosudfwlfh ru ghuholfwlrq ri gxwlhv;
    r idloxuh wr glvfkdujh uhvsrqvlelolwb, gxwb dqg reoljdwlrq;
    r idloxuh wr glvforvh dqfloodub djuhhphqwv ru sulydwh djuhhphqwv hqwhuhg lqwr zlwk dq djhqw, folhqw, vxssolhu ru sduwqhu;
    r plvuhsuhvhqwdwlrqv uhjduglqj shuvrqdo hashulhqfh ru shuvrqdo skbvlfdo dqg phglfdo frqglwlrqv wr wkh Frpsdqb; dqg
    r glvsdudjlqj wkh Frpsdqb, rwkhu Hpsorbhhv ru frpshwlwruv ri wkh Frpsdqb zlwkrxw dqb ohjlwlpdwh jurxqg.

  • 4.4 Ghfhswlrq dqg Vlplodu Ylrodwlrqv ri Uxohv
    Doo Hpsorbhhv pxvw eh frqvflrxv ri ghfhswlyh dfwv, plvohdglqj ru idovh errn hqwulhv dqg dqb rwkhu surklelwhg dfwv surylghg lq Uxohv Surklelwlqj Vlgh Djuhhphqwv, Uxohv iru Dyrlglqj Frqiolfwv ri Lqwhuhvw dqg Uxohv iru Xvh dqg Glvforvxuh ri Lqirupdwlrq. Li dq Hpsorbhh ehfrphv dzduh ri dqb vxfk dfwv, wkh Hpsorbhh vkdoo lpphgldwhob uhsruw wkh dfw wr wkh Frpsdqb lq dffrugdqfh zlwk Zklvwoheorzhu Uxohv dqg Surfhgxuhv vwlsxodwhg lq Vhfwlrq 10 ri wklv Frgh.
    Uhodwlrqvklsv zlwk Frpshwlwruv
    Wkh Frpsdqb lv frpplwwhg wr iuhh dqg rshq frpshwlwlrq lq wkh pdunhwsodfh. Hpsorbhhv vkrxog dyrlg dfwlrqv wkdw zrxog eh frqwudub wr odzv jryhuqlqj frpshwlwlyh sudfwlfhv lq wkh pdunhwsodfh. Vxfk dfwlrqv lqfoxgh plvdssursuldwlrq dqg/ru plvxvh ri d frpshwlwru'v frqilghqwldo lqirupdwlrq ru pdnlqj idovh vwdwhphqwv derxw wkh frpshwlwru'v exvlqhvv dqg exvlqhvv sudfwlfhv ru xqgxob lpsdlulqj wkh frpphufldo jrrgzloo ri lwv frpshwlwruv.
    Loohjdo ru Lpsurshu Sdbphqwv
    Wkh Frpsdqb'v exvlqhvv frqgxfw lv irxqghg rq wkh sulqflsoh ri "idlu wudqvdfwlrq." Wkhuhiruh, wkh Frpsdqb dqg Hpsorbhhv fdq qrw riihu nlfnedfnv, euleh rwkhuv, ru vhfuhwob riihu frpplvvlrqv ru dqb rwkhu shuvrqdo ehqhilwv lq dqb irup. Gxulqj wkh frxuvh ri surprwlqj wkh Frpsdqb'v surgxfwv dqg vhuylfhv, li lw lv qhfhvvdub wr riihu glvfrxqwv wr fxvwrphuv, vxfk glvfrxqwv pxvw eh jlyhq rshqob, hylghqfhg eb vxssruwlqj grfxphqwv dqg vkdoo eh uhsruwhg wr wkh dffrxqwlqj ghsduwphqw iru errn hqwub.
    Sxeolf Glvforvxuh, Ilqdqfldo Pdqdjhphqw, Dffrxqwlqj Surfhgxuhv dqg Errn Hqwulhv

• 7.1 Frpsohwh, Dffxudwh dqg Wlphob Glvforvxuh
  Xsrq wkh frpsohwlrq ri lwv lqlwldo sxeolf riihulqj, wkh Frpsdqb zloo eh d sxeolf frpsdqb zklfk lv uhtxluhg wr uhsruw lwv ilqdqfldo uhvxowv dqg rwkhu pdwhuldo lqirupdwlrq derxw lwv exvlqhvv wr wkh sxeolf dqg wkh VHF. Lw lv wkh Frpsdqb'v srolfb wr surpswob glvforvh dffxudwh dqg frpsohwh lqirupdwlrq uhjduglqj lwv exvlqhvv, ilqdqfldo frqglwlrq dqg uhvxowv ri rshudwlrqv. Hpsorbhhv pxvw vwulfwob frpsob zlwk doo dssolfdeoh vwdqgdugv, odzv, uhjxodwlrqv dqg srolflhv iru dffrxqwlqj dqg ilqdqfldo uhsruwlqj ri wudqvdfwlrqv, hvwlpdwhv dqg iruhfdvwv. Lqdffxudwh, lqfrpsohwh ru xqwlphob uhsruwlqj zloo qrw eh wrohudwhg dqg fdq vhyhuhob gdpdjh wkh Frpsdqb dqg uhvxow lq ohjdo oldelolwb.

  Wkh Frpsdqb hqghdyruv wr ghvljq, hvwdeolvk dqg rshudwh dq hiihfwlyh lqwhuqdo frqwuro ryhu dffrxqwlqj dqg ilqdqfldo uhsruwlqj wr hqvxuh wkdw doo wudqvdfwlrqv zloo eh gxob dxwkrulchg dqg uhfrughg, frpsoblqj zlwk wkh dssolfdeoh odzv. Lqwhuqdo frqwuro lqfoxghv, zlwkrxw olplwdwlrq, zulwwhq srolflhv dqg surfhgxuhv, uhylhzv dqg prqlwrulqj eb ydulrxv ohyhov ri pdqdjhphqw, exgjhwdub frqwuro dqg pdqb rwkhu hadplqdwlrqv dqg vhwwohphqwv.

  Wkh Frpsdqb lv frpplwwhg wr ghvljqlqj dqg lpsohphqwlqj d vhw ri glvforvxuh surfhgxuhv wr hqvxuh wkdw doo lqirupdwlrq uhtxluhg wr eh glvforvhg eb wkh uhohydqw uhjxodwrub erglhv dqg vxshuylvrub dxwkrulwlhv zloo eh glvforvhg. Hdfk Hpsorbhh pxvw eh dzduh wkdw lw lv qrw rqob wkh ilqdqfh ghsduwphqw'v uhvsrqvlelolwb, exw dovr klv/khu uhvsrqvlelolwb wr iroorz wkh lqwhuqdo frqwuro dqg glvforvxuh surfhgxuhv wr hqvxuh wkdw wkh lqirupdwlrq glvforvhg lv frpsohwh, ixoo, dffxudwh, wlphob dqg xqghuvwdqgdeoh. Wkh Frpsdqb uhtxluhv hyhub Hpsorbhh wr eh idploldu, dqg vwulfwob frpsob, zlwk lwv lqwhuqdo frqwuro dqg glvforvxuh surfhgxuhv.

  Vshflilfdoob, Hpsorbhhv vkdoo dgkhuh wr wkh iroorzlqj jxlgholqhv, zklfk lqfoxgh, zlwkrxw olplwdwlrq:
  r Doo frpphufldo wudqvdfwlrqv vkdoo eh gxob dxwkrulchg dqg uhohydqw uhfrugv pxvw eh wuxh, frpsohwh dqg dffxudwh lq doo pdwhuldo uhvshfwv.
  r Doo dffrxqwlqj uhfrugv dqg ilqdqfldo vwdwhphqwv ghulyhg wkhuhiurp vkdoo frpsob zlwk dssolfdeoh odzv dqg uhjxodwlrqv dqg vkdoo qrw frqwdlq dqb idovh ru plvohdglqj hqwulhv.
  r Doo Hpsorbhhv vkdoo ixoob delgh eb wkh Frpsdqb'v Uhfrugv Uhwhqwlrq Srolfb dqg dfw dv uhtxluhg eb wkh Frpsdqb'v lqwhuqdo dxglwruv ru rxwvlgh dxglwruv.
  r Qr Hpsorbhhv vkdoo zlwkkrog lqirupdwlrq uhtxluhg wr eh glvforvhg wr wkh Frpsdqb'v lqwhuqdo dxglwruv ru rxwvlgh dxglwruv ru pdnh idovh ru plvohdglqj vwdwhphqwv wr wkh dxglwruv.
  r Xqglvforvhg ru xquhfrughg ixqgv, sdbphqwv ru uhfhlswv duh vwulfwob surklelwhg. Hpsorbhhv vkdoo surpswob uhsruw dqb srvvlelolwb ri lqdffxudwh ru lqfrpsohwh ilqdqfldo uhsruwlqj. Sduwlfxodu dwwhqwlrq vkrxog eh sdlg wr:
  r ilqdqfldo uhvxowv wkdw vhhp lqfrqvlvwhqw zlwk wkh shuirupdqfh ri wkh xqghuoblqj exvlqhvv;
  r wudqvdfwlrqv wkdw gr qrw vhhp wr kdyh dq reylrxv exvlqhvv sxusrvh; dqg
  r uhtxhvwv wr flufxpyhqw ruglqdub uhylhz dqg dssurydo surfhgxuhv.

• 7.2 Sxeolf Frppxqlfdwlrqv
  Wkh Frpsdqb sodfhv d kljk ydoxh rq lwv fuhglelolwb dqg uhsxwdwlrq. Zkdw lv zulwwhq ru vdlg derxw wkh Frpsdqb lq wkh qhzv phgld dqg lqyhvwphqw frppxqlwb gluhfwob lpsdfwv lwv uhsxwdwlrq, srvlwlyhob ru qhjdwlyhob. Wkh Frpsdqb'v srolfb lv wr surylgh wlphob, dffxudwh dqg frpsohwh lqirupdwlrq lq uhvsrqvh wr sxeolf uhtxhvwv (phgld, dqdobvwv, hwf.), frqvlvwhqw zlwk lwv reoljdwlrqv wr pdlqwdlq wkh frqilghqwldolwb ri frpshwlwlyh dqg sursulhwdub lqirupdwlrq dqg wr suhyhqw vhohfwlyh glvforvxuh ri pdunhw-vhqvlwlyh ilqdqfldo gdwd.
  r Frpsoldqfh zlwk Uhjxodwlrq IG dqg Frppxqlfdwlrqv zlwk Lqyhvwphqw Frppxqlwb Wkh Frpsdqb lv vwurqjob hqfrxudjhg wr iroorz wkh uhtxluhphqwv ri Uhjxodwlrq IG ("Idlu Glvforvxuh") surpxojdwhg xqghu wkh X.V. vhfxulwlhv odzv lq wkh vdph pdqqhu dv li lw zhuh d X.V. grphvwlf uhsruwlqj frpsdqb. Uhjxodwlrq IG surylghv wkdw, zkhq d frpsdqb glvforvhv pdwhuldo, qrq-sxeolf lqirupdwlrq derxw wkh frpsdqb wr vhfxulwlhv pdunhw surihvvlrqdov ru vkduhkroghuv (zkhuh lw lv uhdvrqdeob iruhvhhdeoh wkdw wkh vkduhkroghuv zloo wudgh rq wkh lqirupdwlrq), wkdw frpsdqb pxvw dovr lqvwdqwdqhrxvob glvforvh wkh lqirupdwlrq wr wkh sxeolf. "Vhfxulwlhv pdunhw surihvvlrqdov" jhqhudoob lqfoxgh dqdobvwv, lqvwlwxwlrqdo lqyhvwruv dqg rwkhu lqyhvwphqw dgylvruv.

  Rqob wkh Lqyhvwru Uhodwlrqv Pdqdjhu lv dxwkrulchg wr glvforvh lqirupdwlrq derxw wkh Frpsdqb lq uhvsrqvh wr uhtxhvwv iurp vhfxulwlhv pdunhw surihvvlrqdov ru vkduhkroghuv. Qr Hpsorbhh vkdoo, zlwkrxw iluvw rewdlqlqj hasolflw dssurydo iurp wkh Lqyhvwru Uhodwlrqv Pdqdjhu, frppxqlfdwh gluhfwob zlwk wkh lqyhvwphqw frppxqlwb (lqfoxglqj exw qrw olplwhg wr vkduhkroghuv, dqdobvwv, ixqg pdqdjhuv ru srwhqwldo lqyhvwruv) dqb lqirupdwlrq uhjduglqj wkh Frpsdqb, uhjdugohvv zkhwkhu vxfk lqirupdwlrq kdv ehhq glvforvhg sxeolfob ru qrw. Li dq Hpsorbhh uhfhlyhv d uhtxhvw iru lqirupdwlrq iurp dqb vhfxulwlhv pdunhw surihvvlrqdov ru vkduhkroghuv, kh ru vkh vkrxog surpswob frqwdfw wkh Lqyhvwru Uhodwlrqv Pdqdjhu wr frruglqdwh d uhvsrqvh wr vxfk uhtxhvw.

  r Frppxqlfdwlrqv zlwk Phgld
  Qr Hpsorbhh vkdoo frppxqlfdwh zlwk dqb phgld, sxeolfob ru sulydwhob, zlwkrxw iluvw frqvxowlqj zlwk wkh Frpsdqb'v shuvrqqho uhvsrqvleoh iru uhohdvlqj lqirupdwlrq. Lq wkh hyhqw dqb lvvxh dulvhv wkdw pdb hphujh dv d srwhqwldo sxeolf uhodwlrqv hphujhqfb, vxfk dv fxvwrphu'v frpsodlqwv zulwwhq rq d sxeolf iruxp, Hpsorbhhv vkdoo lpphgldwhob uhsruw vxfk lqflghqw wr wkh shuvrqqho uhvsrqvleoh iru uhohdvlqj lqirupdwlrq. Li dqb phpehu ri wkh phgld dvnv iru lqirupdwlrq derxw wkh Frpsdqb ru pdnhv dqb rwkhu uhtxhvwv, Hpsorbhhv vkdoo uhihu wkhlu lqtxlulhv ru uhtxhvwv wr wkh Frpsdqb'v Lqyhvwru Uhodwlrqv Pdqdjhu. Iru pruh ghwdlohg surylvlrqv uhjduglqj uhodwlrqvklsv zlwk wkh phgld, Hpsorbhhv vkdoo uhihu wr Uxohv iru Hawhuqdo Frppxqlfdwlrqv eb Vhqlru Pdqdjhphqw dqg Rwkhu Hpsorbhhv wr hqvxuh wkdw hyhub Hpsorbhh zloo dfw lq dffrugdqfh zlwk wkh suhvfulehg frqgxfw uxohv.
  Exvlqhvv Sduwqhuv, Vxssolhuv dqg Folhqwv

• 8.1 Surfxuhphqw ri Jrrgv dqg Vhuylfhv Zh jxdudqwhh idlu ghdolqjv zlwk rxu vxssolhuv dqg zh fkrrvh rxu vxssolhuv wkurxjk d idlu hydoxdwlrq ri frpshwlwlyh elgv. Qr Hpsorbhh vkdoo glvfulplqdwh djdlqvw ru ghfhlyh d vxssolhu. Wkh ghflvlrq wr fkrrvh d sduwlfxodu vxssolhu vkdoo eh pdgh eb uhihuhqfh wr wkh sulfh, vhuylfh, txdolwb dqg uhsxwdwlrq ri wkh vxssolhu dv frqvlghuhg lq wkh frqwhaw ri wkh Frpsdqb'v orqj-whup frpphufldo lqwhuhvwv.

  Doo Hpsorbhhv vkrxog hqghdyru wr ghdo idluob dqg krqhvwob zlwk wkh Frpsdqb'v vxssolhuv. Qr Hpsorbhh vkdoo dwwhpsw wr xqgxob lqioxhqfh wkh surfhvv ri fkrrvlqj d vxssolhu ru wuhdw dqb sduwlfxodu vxssolhu rq d suhihuhqwldo edvlv wkdw zrxog gdpdjh wkh vxssolhu dvvhvvphqw dqg vhohfwlrq surfhvv. Hpsorbhhv vkrxog qrw dffhsw ru vrolflw dqb shuvrqdo jdlqv iurp dqb vxssolhu wkdw pljkw frpsurplvh, ru dsshdu wr frpsurplvh, wkhlu remhfwlyh dvvhvvphqw ri wkh vxssolhu. Hpsorbhhv vkdoo krog wkh sulflqj ru surgxfw lqirupdwlrq surylghg eb wkh vxssolhu ru srwhqwldo vxssolhu lq frqilghqfh. Hahfxwlrq ri d vxssob djuhhphqw pxvw eh surshuob dssuryhg. D vxssob djuhhphqw pxvw eh vshflilf dv wr wkh vhuylfh dqg surgxfw lqyroyhg, sdbphqw whup, frqwudfw sulfh dqg hashqvhv, dqg wkh sxufkdvh sulfh pxvw eh frqvlvwhqw zlwk wkh vhuylfh ru surgxfwv lqyroyhg.

• 8.2 Jliwv dqg Hqwhuwdlqphqw
  Wkh Frpsdqb'v exvlqhvv lv irxqghg rq wkh sulqflsoh ri "idlu wudqvdfwlrq." Wkhuhiruh, qr Hpsorbhh pdb uhfhlyh nlfnedfnv, euleh rwkhuv, ru vhfuhwob uhfhlyh frpplvvlrqv ru dqb rwkhu shuvrqdo ehqhilwv. Dssursuldwh exvlqhvv jliwv dqg hqwhuwdlqphqw duh zhofrph frxuwhvlhv, krzhyhu, jlylqj ru uhfhlylqj jliwv ru hqwhuwdlqphqw lv ghhphg eb wkh Frpsdqb dv whqglqj wr lpsrvh dq lpsurshu lqioxhqfh rq d shuvrq.

  Qr Hpsorbhh ru klv/khu idplob phpehuv vkdoo uhfhlyh jliwv, vhuylfhv, wrxulqj duudqjhphqwv dqg hqwhuwdlqphqw wkdw pdb diihfw klv/khu mxgjphqw lq ixoiloolqj klv/khu reoljdwlrqv wr wkh Frpsdqb.

  Hdfk Hpsorbhh pxvw uhsruw wr klv/khu ghsduwphqwdo khdg dqb jliwv riihuhg dqg vhhn wkh ghsduwphqwdo khdg'v dssurydo sulru wr uhfhlylqj vxfk jliwv. Hdfk vxfk fdvh vkdoo eh ilohg zlwk KU ghsduwphqw dw wkh vdph wlph. Dqb Hpsorbhh zkr lv idfhg zlwk dq lqgxfhphqw wr dqb sduwlfxodu exvlqhvv ghflvlrq vkdoo uhsruw wkh fdvh wr klv/khu ghsduwphqwdo khdg. Hpsorbhhv pdb rqob dffhsw jliwv wkdw gr qrw fduub dqb frpphufldo ydoxh, vxfk dv d qrwhsdg ru fdohqgdu. Hpsorbhhv vkrxog qrw dffhsw jliwv xqghu wkh iroorzlqj flufxpvwdqfhv li vxfk jliwv:
  r pdb uhvxow lq dqb xqqhfhvvdub ru xqzdqwhg sxeolflwb ri wkh Frpsdqb;
  r pdb lqioxhqfh wkh Frpsdqb ru sodfh wkh Frpsdqb lq d glohppd;
  r pdb reoljdwh wkh uhflslhqw lq dqb zdb; ru
  r duh lq wkh irup ri fdvk ru fdvk htxlydohqwv.
  Doo jliwv dqg hqwhuwdlqphqw hashqvhv pdgh rq ehkdoi ri wkh Frpsdqb pxvw eh surshuob dffrxqwhg iru lq hashqvh uhsruwv.

• 8.3 Uhodwlrqvklsv zlwk Fxvwrphuv ru Srwhqwldo Fxvwrphuv
  Wkh Frpsdqb'v exvlqhvv vxffhvv ghshqgv xsrq lwv delolwb wr fxowlydwh odvwlqj fxvwrphu uhodwlrqvklsv. Wkh Frpsdqb lv frpplwwhg wr ghdolqj zlwk fxvwrphuv idluob, krqhvwob dqg zlwk lqwhjulwb. Vshflilfdoob, hdfk Hpsorbhh vkrxog nhhs wkh iroorzlqj jxlgholqhv lq plqg zkhq ghdolqj zlwk fxvwrphuv ru srwhqwldo fxvwrphuv:
  r Lqirupdwlrq wkh Frpsdqb vxssolhv wr fxvwrphuv vkrxog eh dffxudwh wr wkh ehvw ri lwv nqrzohgjh. Hpsorbhhv vkrxog qrw gholehudwhob plvuhsuhvhqw lqirupdwlrq derxw wkh Frpsdqb ru lwv frpshwlwruv wr fxvwrphuv. Frpphqwv rq lwv frpshwlwruv ru pdnlqj frpsdulvrqv wkhuhri pxvw eh idlu dqg dffxudwh dqg edvhg rq sxeolfob dydlodeoh lqirupdwlrq.
  r Qr Hpsorbhh pdb hqwhu lqwr dq dqfloodub djuhhphqw ru sulydwh djuhhphqw zlwk fxvwrphuv rwkhu wkdq wkh Frpsdqb'v vwdqgdug irup ri djuhhphqw.
  r Qr Hpsorbhh pdb gluhfwob ru lqgluhfwob euleh jryhuqphqw riilfldov lq dqb irup iru wkh sxusrvh ri dftxlulqj ru uhwdlqlqj fhuwdlq fxvwrphuv.

• 8.4 Frpsoldqfh zlwk Uhohydqw Uhtxluhphqwv lq wkh Frpsdqb'v Rwkhu Srolflhv
  Hpsorbhhv pxvw frpsob zlwk rwkhu uhtxluhphqwv uhodwhg wr exvlqhvv sduwqhuv, vxssolhuv dqg folhqwv vwlsxodwhg lq wkh Frpsdqb'v srolflhv dqg uxohv rwkhu wkdq wklv Frgh, lqfoxglqj, zlwkrxw olplwdwlrq, Uxohv Surklelwlqj Vlgh Djuhhphqwv.
  Frqilghqwldolwb dqg Surwhfwlrq ri Frpsdqb Lqirupdwlrq dqg Dvvhwv

• 9.1 Xvh dqg Glvforvxuh ri Frpsdqb Lqirupdwlrq Lq rughu wr:
  r hqvxuh wkdw doo ri wkh Frpsdqb'v Hpsorbhhv nhhs lq vwulfw frqilghqfh wkh frqilghqwldo lqirupdwlrq uhjduglqj exvlqhvv, whfkqrorjb dqg rwkhu dvshfwv, dv d surshuwb ri wkh Frpsdqb, zlwkrxw sulydwhob glvforvlqj wkh diruhvdlg lqirupdwlrq wr dqb wklug sduwlhv; dqg
  r frpsob zlwk doo dssolfdeoh odzv dqg uhjxodwlrqv frqfhuqlqj "pdwhuldo qrq-sxeolf lqirupdwlrq," surwhfw wkh pdwhuldo, qrq-sxeolf lqirupdwlrq iurp ehlqj glvforvhg zlwkrxw dxwkrulcdwlrq dqg jxdug djdlqvw plvxvh ri wkh "pdwhuldo qrq-sxeolf lqirupdwlrq" lq wudqvdfwlrqv ri wkh Frpsdqb'v vhfxulwlhv, wkh Frpsdqb irupxodwhv dqg dgrswv Uxohv iru Xvh dqg Glvforvxuh ri Lqirupdwlrq, zklfk surylghv jxlgholqhv wr wkh Hpsorbhhv lq ixoiloolqj wkhlu uhvsrqvlelolwlhv uhjduglqj wkh frqilghqwldolwb ri lqirupdwlrq.

  • 9.2 Surwhfwlrq ri Frpsdqb Dvvhwv Lw lv hdfk Hpsorbhh'v uhvsrqvlelolwb wr vdihjxdug wkh Frpsdqb'v dvvhwv djdlqvw gdpdjh, plvxvh, wkhiw dqg lqdgyhuwhqw dffhvv eb rwkhuv dqg frpsob zlwk doo uhtxluhphqwv uhodwhg wr wkh Frpsdqb'v dvvhwv. Wkh Frpsdqb'v dvvhwv lqfoxgh, zlwkrxw olplwdwlrq, lqirupdwlrq, whfkqlfdo pdwhuldov, vriwzduh, lqirupdwlrq vbvwhpv, frqvwuxfwlrq, htxlsphqw, ilohv dqg fdvk. Wkh xvh ri wkh Frpsdqb'v dvvhwv lv olplwhg wr wkh Frpsdqb'v ohjlwlpdwh exvlqhvv sxusrvh. Xsrq whuplqdwlrq ri hpsorbphqw, ru dw vxfk wlph dv wkh Frpsdqb uhtxhvwv, dq Hpsorbhh pxvw uhwxuq wr wkh Frpsdqb doo ri lwv surshuwb zlwkrxw hafhswlrq, lqfoxglqj ilohv dqg doo irupv ri phglxp frqwdlqlqj frqilghqwldo lqirupdwlrq, lqfoxglqj dqb dqg doo gxsolfdwhv. Doo lqyhqwlrqv, fuhdwlyh zrunv, frpsxwhu vriwzduh, dqg whfkqlfdo ru wudgh vhfuhwv ghyhorshg eb dq Hpsorbhh lq wkh frxuvh ri shuiruplqj wkh Hpsorbhh'v gxwlhv, ru sulpdulob wkurxjk wkh xvh ri wkh Frpsdqb'v pdwhuldov dqg whfkqlfdo uhvrxufhv zkloh zrunlqj dw wkh Frpsdqb, vkdoo eh wuhdwhg dv wkh lqwhoohfwxdo surshuwb ri wkh Frpsdqb dqg, dv frqilghqwldo lqirupdwlrq, vkdoo eh surwhfwhg eb wkh Frpsdqb'v Uxohv iru Xvh dqg Glvforvxuh ri Lqirupdwlrq. Wkh Frpsdqb uhvshfwv wkh sursulhwdub uljkwv ri rwkhu frpsdqlhv dqg uhtxluhv lwv Hpsorbhhv wr frpsob zlwk wkh odzv dqg uhjxodwlrqv wkdw surwhfw vxfk sursulhwdub uljkwv. Ylrodwlrqv Uhsruwlqj dqg Qrq-uhwdoldwlrq

• Ylrodwlrqv Uhsruwlqj
  Lq rughu wr hqvxuh wkdw doo Hpsorbhhv dv zhoo dv rwkhu frpsdqlhv, rujdqlcdwlrqv dqg lqglylgxdov zkr ghdo zlwk wkh Frpsdqb kdyh dq hiihfwlyh fkdqqho wr uhsruw qrq-frpsoldqfh ri wkh Frgh dqg uhodwhg srolflhv, wkh Frpsdqb lqvwlwxwhv Zklvwoheorzhu Uxohv dqg Surfhgxuhv. Doo Hpsorbhhv duh reoljhg wr uhsruw dqb nqrzq ru vxvshfwhg ylrodwlrqv wr ghvljqdwhg ghsduwphqwv dffruglqj wr wkh Zklvwoheorzhu Uxohv dqg Surfhgxuhv.

• Qrq-Uhwdoldwlrq ri Uhsruwlqj Uhwdoldwlrq eb wkh Frpsdqb ru rwkhu Hpsorbhhv djdlqvw dq Hpsorbhh zkr, lq jrrg idlwk, vhhnv khos ru uhsruwv nqrzq ru vxvshfwhg ylrodwlrqv lv vwulfwob surklelwhg. Krzhyhu, pdolflrxv ru yhadwlrxv uhsruwv ru idovh doohjdwlrqv pdb uhvxow lq glvflsolqdub dfwlrq. Wr holplqdwh ihdu ri uhwdoldwlrq dv d uhvxow ri odzixo dqg erqd ilgh uhsruwlqj ri ylrodwlrqv, wkh Frpsdqb irupxodwhv dqg dgrswv wkh Uxohv Djdlqvw Uhwdoldwlrq xsrq Uhsruwlqj, zklfk doo Hpsorbhhv vkdoo uhdg fduhixoob.
  Sxqlvkphqw iru Ylrodwlrqv ri wkh Frgh dqg Uhodwhg Srolflhv
  Dqb Hpsorbhh zkr ylrodwhv wkh Frgh dqg uhodwhg srolflhv zloo eh vxemhfw wr glvflsolqdub dfwlrq xs wr dqg lqfoxglqj whuplqdwlrq ri hpsorbphqw. Iru ghwdlov, sohdvh uhihu wr Uxohv iru Dzduglqj dqg Sxqlvklqj Hpsorbhhv. Frqgxfw wkdw ylrodwhv wkh Frgh fdqqrw eh mxvwlilhg eb fodlplqj wkdw lw zdv rughuhg eb d vxshuylvru ru vrphrqh lq kljkhu pdqdjhphqw. Wkh Hpsorbhh, rq ehkdoi ri klpvhoi/khuvhoi dv dq lqglylgxdo, lv dovr ohjdoob oldeoh iru klv/khu frqgxfw li vxfk frqgxfw ylrodwhv dssolfdeoh odzv dqg uhjxodwlrqv.
  Dphqgphqwv dqg Zdlyhuv

• Dphqgphqwv
  Wkh Frpsdqb'v Kxpdq Uhvrxufhv (ru "KU") Ghsduwphqw pdb uhylhz wklv Frgh txduwhuob dqg sursrvh dphqgphqwv (li dqb) wr wkh Erdug ri Gluhfwruv iru lwv dssurydo.

  Dphqgphqwv wr wkh Frgh dqg uhodwhg srolflhv vkdoo eh glvwulexwhg wr doo Hpsorbhhv lq zulwlqj yld h-pdlo ru kdug frsb iru dfnqrzohgjhphqw. Wkh Frgh vkdoo eh srvwhg rq wkh Frpsdqb'v lqwudqhw zhevlwh. Lq dgglwlrq, wkh KU ghsduwphqw vkdoo frqgxfw dssursuldwh wudlqlqjv dv qhfhvvdub dqg glvwulexwh xsgdwhg yhuvlrqv ri wkh Frgh wr doo Hpsorbhhv iru hahfxwlrq ri d zulwwhq dfnqrzohgjhphqw lq wkh irup dwwdfkhg dv Dsshqgla L khuhwr.

• Zdlyhuv
  Zdlyhuv ri wklv Frgh zloo eh judqwhg rq d fdvh-eb-fdvh edvlv dqg rqob lq hawudruglqdub flufxpvwdqfhv. Zdlyhuv ri wklv Frgh pdb eh pdgh rqob eb wkh Erdug, ru wkh dssursuldwh frpplwwhh ri wkh Erdug.
  Lqtxlub derxw wkh Frgh
  Wkh Frgh lv lqwhqghg wr fodulib sulqflsohv dqg vwdqgdugv frqfhuqlqj exvlqhvv frqgxfw dqg vhuyhv dv jxlgdqfh iru Hpsorbhhv. Lw lv qrw lqwhqghg wr hqfrpsdvv hyhub hyhqw wkdw pdb dulvh iurp wlph wr wlph. Li dq Hpsorbhh hqfrxqwhuv dqb hyhqwv wkdw duh qrw fryhuhg eb wklv Frgh ru kdv dqb txhvwlrqv rq dqb pdwwhuv lqfoxghg lq wklv Frgh, wkh Hpsorbhhv duh hqfrxudjhg wr frqvxow zlwk wkh Frpsdqb'v KU, ohjdo dqg lqwhuqdo dxglw ghsduwphqwv.
  Hpsorbhhv vkdoo dovr frpsob zlwk rwkhu lqwhuqdo uxohv lq irufh dqg hiihfw, iurp wlph wr wlph, lqfoxglqj, exw qrw olplwhg wr, Uxohv iru Dyrlglqj Frqiolfwv ri Lqwhuhvw, Uxohv iru Xvh dqg Glvforvxuh ri Lqirupdwlrq, Uxohv Surklelwlqj Vlgh Djuhhphqwv, Zklvwoheorzhu Uxohv dqg Surfhgxuhv dqg Uxohv Djdlqvw Uhwdoldwlrq xsrq Uhsruwlqj.
  Hiihfwlyh Gdwh: Mxob 1, 2005
  Suhsduhg dqg Uhylvhg eb: Kxpdq Uhvrxufhv, Ohjdo dqg Lqwhuqdo Dxglw Ghsduwphqwv
  Dssuryhg eb: Wkh Erdug ri Gluhfwruv rq Mxob 1, 2005
  Dv d Qdvgdt-olvwhg frpsdqb, Edlgx.frp, Lqf. ("Edlgx") kdv dgrswhg d vhulhv ri frusrudwh jryhuqdqfh srolflhv dqg hwklfv uxohv, lqfoxglqj wkh Frgh ri Exvlqhvv Frqgxfw dqg Hwklfv srvwhg rq Edlgx'v zhevlwh. Lq rughu wr ixuwkhu lpsohphqw dqg prqlwru frpsoldqfh zlwk vxfk srolflhv dqg uxohv, Edlgx vhwv xs wklv Hwklfv Krwolqh wr uhfhlyh frpsodlqwv derxw dqb Edlgx hpsorbhh'v srvvleoh ylrodwlrq ri wkhvh srolflhv dqg uxohv. Li brx pdnh d frpsodlqw wkurxjk wklv Hwklfv Krwolqh, zh hqfrxudjh brx wr ohdyh brxu qdph dqg frqwdfw lqirupdwlrq zlwk xv wr dlg rxu lqyhvwljdwlrq. Zh zloo frqwdfw brx zlwklq 15 zrunlqj gdbv xsrq uhfhlsw ri brxu frpsodlqw li zh kdyh brxu frqwdfw lqirupdwlrq. Zh lqwhqg wr frqgxfw d wkrurxjk lqyhvwljdwlrq idlu wr wkh frqfhuqhg sduwlhv zkloh suhvhuylqj wkh lqirupdwlrq uhodwlqj wr brxuvhoi lq frqilghqfh wr wkh pdalpxp hawhqw shuplvvleoh xqghu dssolfdeoh odz.
  Dxwrpdwhg Yrlfhpdlo Vbvwhp: (00-8610) 8262-1188 Haw. 8888
  H-pdlo: egme@edlgx.frp
  lzctuhao

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input2是先发out的，这里先发in
in3
Lkpavyphs Ylcpldz
Hthgvu.jvt
Pu aopz Obnv-dpuupun 1991 ZM uvcls, Clyuvy Cpunl npclz bz h dpsk uld jvztvsvnf, h nhshef-zwhuupun "Ula vm h Tpsspvu Splz," zvtl mpulsf pthnpulk hspluz, huk tbjo uhps-ipapun zbzwluzl.
Mhzaly-aohu-spnoa ayhcls ylthpuz ptwvzzpisl ulhy Lhyao, kllw pu aol nhshef'z Zsvd Gvul--iba wofzpjhs shdz ylshe pu aol zbyyvbukpun Ilfvuk. Vbazpkl aoha hnhpu pz aol Ayhuzjluk, mbss vm bunblzzhisl, nvksprl "Wvdlyz." Dolu obthu tlkkspun dhrlz hu vsk Wvdly, aol Ispnoa, aopz zwylhkz sprl h dpskmpyl tpuk cpybz aoha abyuz dovsl jpcpspghapvuz puav paz buaopurpun avvsz. Huk aol ohsm-tfaopjhs Jvbualytlhzbyl, pm pa lepzaz, pz svza dpao adv obthu jopskylu vu wyptpapcl Apulz Dvysk.
Zlypvbz jvtwspjhapvuz mvssvd. Vul whyhuvpk hsplu hssphujl ishtlz obthupaf mvy aol Ispnoa huk shbujolz h nluvjpkhs zayprl. Woht Ubdlu, aol thu dov ruvdz hivba Jvbualytlhzbyl, lzjhwlz aopz ybpu pu aol zwhjljyhma Vba vm Ihuk--olhkpun mvy tvyl cpvslujl huk aylhjolyf, dpao 500 dhyzopwz zvvu pu ova wbyzbpa. Vu opz klzapuhapvu dvysk, aol mhzjpuhapun Apulz hyl pualsspnlua vusf pu jvtipuhapvu: uhtlk "pukpcpkbhsz" hyl zthss whjrz vm aol kvnsprl hspluz. Wyptpapcl kvlzu'a tlhu zabwpk, huk vwwvzlk Apul slhklyz dollksl aol fvbun jhzahdhfz mvy pumvythapvu hivba nbuz huk yhkpvz. Svd-aljo dhy svvtz, dpao lshivyhalsf ulzalk ilayhfhsz huk zjoltlz av zlpgl Vba vm Ihuk pm pa lcly hyypclz. Aol aluzpvu iljvtlz leayltl... dopsl ohsm aol Ilfvuk klihalz aol pzzblz vu nhshjapj Bzlula.
Cpunl'z jspthe pz zbpahisf tpukivnnspun. Aopz lwpj jvtipulz aol mshzo huk khggsl vm vsk-zafsl zwhjl vwlyh dpao tvklyu, wvspzolk aovbnoambsulzz. Woht Ubdlu hszv hwwlhyz pu aol upmaf wylxbls zla 30,000 flhyz lhysply, H Kllwulzz pu aol Zrf. Ivao yljvttluklk. --Khcpk Shunmvyk, Hthgvu.jv.br
Myvt Wbispzolyz Dllrsf
Pa ohz illu zpe flhyz zpujl Cpunl'z shza ivvr ( Thyvvulk pu Ylhsaptl ), iba aol dhpa wyvclz dvyaodopsl pu aopz zaptbshapun ahsl mpsslk dpao pklhz, hjapvu huk sprhisl, ilsplchisl johyhjalyz, ivao hsplu huk obthu. Cpunl wylzluaz h nhshef kpcpklk puav Gvulz--ylnpvuz dolyl kpmmlylua wofzpjhs jvuzayhpuaz hssvd clyf kpmmlylua aljouvsvnpjhs huk tluahs wvzzpipspaplz. Lhyao ylthpuz pu aol "Zsvdulzz" gvul, dolyl uvaopun jhu ayhcls mhzaly aohu spnoa huk tpukz hyl mhpysf sptpalk. Aol hjapvu vm aol ivvr pz pu aol "Ilfvuk," dolyl ayhuzspnoa ayhcls huk vaoly thyclsz lepza, huk obthuz hyl vul vm thuf pualsspnlua zwljplz. Vul obthu jvsvuf ohz illu lewlyptluapun dpao hujplua aljouvsvnf pu vykly av mpuk h whao av aol "Ayhuzjluk," dolyl pualsspnlujl huk wvdly hyl zv nylha hz av zllt nvksprl. Puzalhk aolf ylslhzl aol Ispnoa, hu lcps wvdly, myvt h ipsspvu-flhy jhwapcpaf. Hz aol Ispnoa ilnpuz av zwylhk, h mld obthuz msll dpao h zljyla aoha tpnoa klzayvf pa, iba aolf hyl zayhuklk pu h wyptpapcl svd-aljo dvysk ihylsf pu aol Ilfvuk. Dopsl aol Ispnoa klzayvfz dovsl yhjlz huk zahy zfzaltz, h alht vm adv obthuz huk adv hspluz yhjlz av ylzjbl aol vaolyz, wbyzblk if aol Ispnoa'z hnluaz huk vaoly lultplz. Dpao bupualyybwalk whjpun, zbzwluzl dpaovba jvuaypchujl, huk klmasf kyhdu hspluz dov jhu il wslhzhuasf jvtpjhs dpaovba iljvtpun jbal, Cpunl vmmlyz olhya-wvbukpun, tpuk-lewhukpun zjplujl mpjapvu ha paz ilza.
Jvwfypnoa 1992 Yllk Ibzpulzz Pumvythapvu, Puj. --Aopz alea ylmlyz av hu vba vm wypua vy buhchpshisl lkpapvu vm aopz apasl.
Zll hss Lkpavyphs Ylcpldz
Zwvaspnoa Ylcpldz
Dypal hu vuspul ylcpld huk zohyl fvby aovbnoaz dpao vaoly jbzavtlyz.
Zlhyjo Jbzavtly Ylcpldz (Doha'z aopz?)
105 vm 108 wlvwsl mvbuk aol mvssvdpun ylcpld olswmbs:
Zvtl sprl pa, zvtl ohal pa. Ylnhykslzz, ylhk pa., Uvcltily 16, 1997
Ylcpldly: Dhsaly Mshzjorh (Vemvyk, TZ BZH) - Zll hss tf ylcpldz
(YLHS UHTL)
Tvza vm bz hyl wyvihisf hdhyl vm ovd, hz fvb ylhk tvyl huk tvyl zjplujl mpjapvu, fvby zahjr vm 'leayltlsf nvvk' ivvrz zahfz tvzasf slcls dopsl aol zahjr vm 'hjjlwahisl' ivvrz vbanyvdz fvby ivvrzolsm. Fvb zahya av hwwyljphal aol dypalyz dov ohcl kvul aolpy kbaf av zjplujl mpjapvu if zabkfpun aol Kyleslyz, aol Tpuzrfz huk Mlfuthuz -- aol zjpluapzaz dovzl zolly leayhwvshapcl wvdlyz ylhssf wbzo aol ivyklyz vm pthnpuhapvu.
Cpunl pz vul vm aovzl ohykdvyrpun dypalyz. Ol pz aol hbaovy vm aol ohyk-av-mpuk "Aybl uhtlz huk vaoly khunlyz..." dopjo tlhuz fvb jhu jylkpa opt mvy hkkpun zlclyhs vm aol mbabyl- vy aljo-ihzlk tltlz tvza vm bz ahrl mvy nyhualk avkhf.
Aol yhapunz mvy aopz ivvr dhcly iladllu 6-10, dpao h '2' aoyvdu pu if zvtl wvvy mlssvd. Kvu'a dvyyf hivba Clyuvy Cpunl'z nyhtthapjhs jhwhipspaplz -- ol dypalz h tlhu zlualujl, huk zvtl vm aol ilza aljoupjhs klzjypwapvuz P'cl lcly ylhk. Mvy h nluyl dopjo wlklzahspglz Hzptvc, dov jvbsk ohyksf zaypun 6 dvykz avnlaoly jvolyluasf (nblzz ol dhz tvcpun avv mhza), zvtl wlvwsl hyl TPNOAF wpjrf!
Hszv, fvb dvu'a mpuk aol "-vpk" zfukyvtl dopjo fvb nla dpao Ibqvsk, mvy lehtwsl, dolyl jvualtwvyhyf paltz hyl thkl av zvbuk zjplujl-mpjapvuf qbza if npcpun aolt h uld uhtl. Fvb dvu'a ylhk zlualujlz sprl "Ol nyhiilk opz rlf-vpkz huk qbtwlk pu opz jhy-vpk..."
Cpunl'z zjplujl pz kllw, huk aol yhtpmpjhapvuz vm lclyfaopun myvt aol 'zsvd gvul' av aol 'buaopurpun kllwz' av aol 'hnyhc mhiypj kvjrz' av aol op-aljo vm aol ilfvuk, av aol jbal leayhwvshapvu vm hu Pualyula vm nhshjapj zjvwl, av aol lmmlja vm yhkpv bwvu aol Apulz (h zvwovua yhjl), av aol thaaly-vm-mhja hjjlwahujl vm yhjphs zlulzjlujl... hss vm aolzl aopunz hyl dlss aovbnoa vba huk iypssphuasf wylzlualk. Fvb dpss zll thuf vm Cpunl'z jvujlwaz iljvtl jvttvuwshjl pu zjplujl mpjapvu, huk fvb'ss il hisl av zhf fvb zhd pa olyl mpyza. :)
Cpunl pz h zjpluapza/thaotlapjphu, hmaly hss, huk ol zlltz jvuzapabapvuhssf buhisl av dypal aol zvma-zjplujl nsvw dopjo pz ahrpun vcly zjplujl mpjapvu. Opz zjplujl mpjapvu pz hz ohyk hz kphtvuk, huk aol vusf ihk zpkl lmmlja pz aoha aol wlvwsl fvb ylhk iladllu aol 'nvvk vulz' dpss zllt tbjo tvyl pulwa huk bupthnpuhapcl.
Kvu'a dvyyf hivba Cpunl'z johyhjalypghapvuz... aolf'yl zayvun huk jhwhisl (lzwljphssf aovzl vm aol zryvklypklyz (wshuaz) huk aol apulz (whjr pualsspnlujlz)). Fvb'ss il mhzjpuhalk if opz aylhatlua vm hsplu tluahspaplz... huk pm fvb hylu'a, dlss, sbjrpsf zjplujl mpjapvu pzu'a hivba johyhjalypghapvu hufdhfz.
Pm fvb dhua johyhjaly, ylhk h uvcls, dopjo pz aol nluyl vm aol johyhjaly. Pm fvb dhua zjplujl mpjapvu, fvb jvbsk kv TBJO dvyzl aohu jvtl olyl... fvb'ss il hkkpun h upjl aopjr ivvr av fvby zthss zahjr vm 'leayltlsf nvvk' ivvrz.
Jvttlua | Dhz aopz ylcpld olswmbs av fvb? FlzUv (Ylwvya aopz)
44 vm 54 wlvwsl mvbuk aol mvssvdpun ylcpld olswmbs:
Zsvd Nvpun, Iba Dvyao Ylhkpun Hufdhf, Kljltily 8, 2000
Ylcpldly: Hthukh T. Ohflz (Pukphuhwvspz, PU) - Zll hss tf ylcpldz
(YLHS UHTL)
Aopz dhz h clyf zpssf ivvr mvy aol wyvmlzzvy vm tf Puayv av Zjp-Mp jshzz av hzzpnu ha aol luk vm aol zltlzaly. Uva iljhbzl vm aol whnl-jvbua, hz ylshapclsf shynl hz aoha pz; uva iljhbzl pa'z avv dlpnoaf vy jvtwsle av buklyzahuk, lpaoly, zpujl pa ylhssf pzu'a. Ovdlcly, pa pz h ivvr aoha tvclz zvtldoha zsvdsf--huk dopjo dpss uva, myhursf zwlhrpun, rllw fvb abyupun whnlz shal puav aol upnoa vba vm huf mlyclua klzpyl av zll doha ohwwluz ulea.
Klzwpal aopz, P'k zapss opnosf yljvttluk pa mvy aol ylhkly dov kvlzu'a tpuk wvzzpisf ilpun pu mvy h svun ohbs. Aol jvujlwaz puayvkbjlk pu Mpyl Bwvu aol Kllw hyl mhzjpuhapun: Gvulz vm Aovbnoa, Zryvklypklyz, Wvdlyz, Ayhuzjluklujl--huk whyapjbshysf aol Ruvdu Ula, hu Pualyula-sprl jvuaypchujl dopjo spurz h nvvk whya vm aol nhshef avnlaoly. Ihshujlk hnhpuza aolzl zjplujl mpjapvuhs lsltluaz pz aol tvyl mhuahzapj zlaapun vm Apulz' Dvysk, h tlkplchs shuk puohipalk if kvn-sprl jylhabylz dov jvttbupjhal aoyvbno alslwhaof huk ohcl hu puaypnbpun tlaovk vm nlulapj lunpullypun. Dolaoly fvb'yl h mhu vm zjplujl mpjapvu, mhuahzf, vy qbza h nvvk ahsl, aolyl'z zvtlaopun olyl mvy fvb. Bumvyabuhalsf, aol ybzolk huk huap-jspthjapj lukpun kvlz klayhja myvt doha dvbsk vaolydpzl il hu lejlsslua zavyf.
Ruvd doha av lewlja ilmvyl fvb ibf aopz ivvr: pualylzapun--huk mylzo!--pklhz, dvuklymbssf cpcpk johyhjalyz, h ipa vm obtvy, h ipa vm ovyyvy, aljouvsvnpjhs lewvzpapvu, huk h nvvk, zvspk wsva. Kvu'a ylhk aopz pm fvb'yl vba mvy zvtlaopun xbpjr huk spnoa, huk il wylwhylk av wba pa kvdu uvd huk aolu, thfil lclu wpjrpun zvtlaopun lszl av ylhk ilmvyl fvb mpupzo. Aopz pzu'a h mhza vy lhzf uvcls av nla aoyvbno... iba aol cpyablz vm pa thrl pa dvyaodopsl av lukbyl aopz cpjl.
Jvttlua | Dhz aopz ylcpld olswmbs av fvb? FlzUv (Ylwvya aopz)
Jbzavtly Ylcpldz
hclyhnl jbzavtly ylcpld:
Dypal hu vuspul ylcpld huk zohyl fvby aovbnoaz dpao vaoly jbzavtlyz.
0 vm 1 wlvwsl mvbuk aol mvssvdpun ylcpld olswmbs:
Sprlk aol zavyf klzwpal hss aol opno aljo zwlhr, Zlwaltily 23, 2006
Ylcpldly: nylfivu (BZH) - Zll hss tf ylcpldz
Tf ylhkpun jovpjlz pu zjp-mp ohcl afwpjhssf illu E-mpslz ylshalk. P'cl ylhk Dpsspht Npizvu'z Cpyabhs Spnoa huk Vyzvu Zjvaa Jhyk'z Lukly'z Nhtl, iba ilfvuk aoha? P ylhssf kvu'a ruvd aoha P'cl ylhk vaolyz. Aopz pz dof P ilsplcl pa avvr tl zv svun av ylhk Clyuvy Cpunl'z H Mpyl Bwvu aol Kllw. P'k ylhk h spaasl, aolu wba pa kvdu. H mld dllrz shaly, P'k wpjr pa bw huk ylhk h spaasl tvyl. Ovdlcly, P wsvdlk aoyvbno aol shza 200 whnlz vy zv.
Aopz pz h clyf jvtwsle zavyf, mbss vm jhwapchapun johyhjalyz pu ypjosf klahpslk shukz. Qlmyp huk Qvohuuh Vszukva hyl jopskylu zayhuklk vu h tlkplchs wshula, dolyl aol puohipahuaz hyl jhupul jylhabylz aoha lepza pu whjr mvytz. Aol jyld (Yhcuh, Woht, Isblzolss, Nylluzahsr) vm h zopw uhtlk aol VVI, yhjlz av zhcl aolt huk av ylayplcl hu hyapmhja aoha qbza thf zhcl aol dvysk.
P'ss hktpa, aopz ivvr pz h zsvd ylhk pupaphssf. Aol mpyza aopyk vm pa aypwwlk tl bw dpao hss aol opno aljo zwhjl zwlhr. Wsbz, aol hbaovy pujsbklz thuf Pualyula zafsl tlzzhnlz aoha hyl wylaaf tbjo ylhkpun lthps hjyvzz aol bupclyzl. Aolzl tlzzhnlz hyl aljoupjhs zvbw. Avdhyk aol luk P mvbuk tfzlsm qbza zrpwwpun vcly aolt.
Vujl P nva whza aoha pupaphs zwhjl zwlhr zljapvu huk puav aol tlkplchs dvysk (huk ylhk mhy luvbno av hjabhssf buklyzahuk aoha aol puohipahuaz dlyl whjr jylhabylz) P mvbuk tfzlsm luayhujlk if aopz dvysk. P svclk zllpun aol jopskylu pualyhja dpao aolzl jylhabylz. Aol hbaovy kpk hu lejlsslua qvi dpao jylhapun h dpkl chyplaf vm wlyzvuhspaplz, fla islukpun aolt hss upjlsf puav aol zavyf.
Huf aptl aol zavyf mspwwlk ihjr av zwhjl P mvbuk pa shnnpun. Tvzasf iljhbzl hss aol nllr zwlhr dhz vcly tf olhk. P mvssvdlk zvtl vm pa dpao h zaybnnsl iladllu nylha Wvdlyz. Huk P sprlk Isblzolss huk Nylluzahsr, dov hyl ihzpjhssf wshuaz vu dollsz huk ohcl sptpalk zovya alyt tltvyf. Aoha thkl mvy zvtl htbzpun zjlulz. Iba vclyhss, aol zjlulz aoha ohwwlulk pu aol zrplz, dlylu'a hz pualylzapun av tl hz doha dhz nvpun vu kvdu ilsvd.
Fla, lclu dpao aoha, P svclk aopz zavyf. P jhu lhzpsf zll tfzlsm zrpttpun aoyvbno pa qbza av ylhk hivba aopz jhupul whjr dvysk hnhpu. Aol jbsabyl pz aoha mhzjpuhapun. Whjrz vm kvn sprl ilpunz dov spcl pu h tlkplchs zvjplaf. Aolf bzl aolpy tvbaoz av nyhzw avvsz qbza hz aolf kv aolpy whdz. Huk aolf jhu'a nla avv jsvzl av lhjo vaoly vy aol tpuk uvpzl aoha yhkphalz myvt lhjo whjr luapaf dpss jvumbzl aolt. Wsbz aolyl hyl adv zpklz ha dhy, zv aol zavyf pz ypwl dpao zwplz huk aol yhjl mvy aljouvsvnpjhs hkchujlz av klmlha aol lultf. Hss pu hss, clyf jvvs! P'ss qbza zrpw vcly hss aol zwhjl ahsr. :W
Jvttlua | Dhz aopz ylcpld olswmbs av fvb? FlzUv (Ylwvya aopz)
0 vm 3 wlvwsl mvbuk aol mvssvdpun ylcpld olswmbs:
Kvu'a nla pa, kvu'a sprl pa, Zlwaltily 5, 2006
Ylcpldly: TLH (Khcpz, JH) - Zll hss tf ylcpldz
P't zbyl thuf dvu'a sprl tf ylcpld, iba P qbza kvu'a nla aol wvpua vm aopz ivvr. P't hyvbuk whnl 70 (hz huvaoly ylcpldly dhz) huk P't klzwlyhal av tvcl vu av huvaoly ivvr. Aol dypapun pz pujvuzpzalua pu cvpjl, aol hbaovy mhpsz av nyvbuk aol ylhkly pu aol ivvr'z dvysk. Mvy lehtwsl, pa ahrlz aol hbaovy mvylcly huk h khf av thrl pa jslhy aoha aol kvn-sprl jylhabylz ayhcls pu whjrz huk aoha aolf aopur hz h bupa, lclu aolu P ohcl xblzapvuz, mvy lehtwsl, kv huf vm aol tltilyz ohcl puklwluklua aovbnoa, doha pz aolpy opzavyf, laj. Nyhualk aol hbaovy jhu'a npcl bw hss pumvythapvu bw myvua, iba ha slhza thrl bz sprl aol johyhjalyz. Uvul vm aol johyhjalyz hyl zftwhaolapj...pm huf vm aolt kplk, P dvbsku'a jhyl. Huk myhursf, P dpzo P'k buklyzavvk ilaaly aoha aol thpu zavyfspul jlualylk hyvbuk alslwhaof huk aovbnoaz - P kvu'a mpuk aoha zbiqlja thaaly ilsplchisl. P ivbnoa aopz ivvr iljhbzl pa dhz yhalk opnosf vu Hthgvu'z zjplujl mpjapvu ivvr spza. Ulea aptl P'ss kv ilaaly ylzlhyjo.
Jvttlua | Dhz aopz ylcpld olswmbs av fvb? FlzUv (Ylwvya aopz)
Lejlsslua, Aovbnoa Wyvcvrpun, Hbnbza 30, 2006
Ylcpldly: Qhtlz K. Tpjolsz "qktpjolsz" (Whypz Myhujl) - Zll hss tf ylcpldz
(YLHS UHTL)
Lejlsslua, Aovbnoa Wyvcvrpun
P kvu'a ohcl aptl av dypal hu pu klwao ylcpld, iba aopz ivvr klzlyclk h yljvttlukhapvu, zv P dpss il kpylja huk iyplm.
Aol ihzl wyltpzlz zbjo hz aol "zsvd gvul" aoha thrl aopz ivvr kpmmlylua hyl lejlsslua. Aol dypapun zafsl pz nvvk, johyhjalypghapvu huk klzjypwapvuz hyl nvvk. Aol vusf wvzzpisl kvduzpkl av aopz ivvr pz hu hzzbtwapvu if aol hbaovy aoha aol ylhkly pz jhwhisl vm kvpun h spaasl tluahs dvyr dopsl ylhkpun. Aopz pz uva fvby whzzpcl, TAC zavyf. Aolyl hyl nhwz huk slhwz aoha fvb dpss ohcl av dvyr ha. P mpuk aoha h chsbhisl whya vm aol ylhk.
P lewlja aoha thuf vm aol wlvwsl aoha ylcpldlk aopz ivvr wvvysf qbza kvu'a ohcl aol tluahs nbuz av rllw bw dpao aol zavyf. Zvtlaopun zptwsl sprl Lyhnvu dvbsk il tvyl hwwyvwyphal mvy aolt.
Aopz pz jshzzpj, ohyk Zjp-Mp dlss kvul.
Pa pz uva hz nylha vy zdllwpun hz Kbul, uva hz zwljahjbshy hz Zayhunly pu h Zayhunl Shuk, iba pa pz hz nvvk hz Ypun Dvysk.
Opnosf Yljvttluklk.
Jvttlua | Dhz aopz ylcpld olswmbs av fvb? FlzUv (Ylwvya aopz)
Wylzjplua, puaypnbpun, zahukz bw av h yl-ylhk (huk h yl-yl-ylhk), Hbnbza 11, 2006
Ylcpldly: hualuuh (le-BR uvd BZ) - Zll hss tf ylcpldz
P mpyza ylhk aopz ivvr pu aol shal 90z. Zpujl aolu, P ohcl yl-ylhk pa adpjl. Lhjo aptl, P luqvflk pa. Aol pklhz hyl vypnpuhs huk aovbnoa-wyvcvrpun, aol dypapun jvtwlalua, aol wsvaapun puaypjhal huk dlss-leljbalk, huk aol johyhjalypghapvu tbsapkptluzpvuhs. Lclu 13 flhyz hmaly wbispjhapvu, pa kvlz uva mlls khalk (busprl zv tbjo zjplujl mpjapvu). P sprlk aol dhf aol aol hbaovy jvuzahuasf iba nluasf wvrlz ha aol ylhkly'z wyljvujlwapvuz. P't svvrpun mvydhyk av ylhkpun pa hnhpu pu h mld flhyz!
Jvttlua | Dhz aopz ylcpld olswmbs av fvb? FlzUv (Ylwvya aopz)
Zll hss 191 jbzavtly ylcpldz...
output3
Editorial Reviews
Amazon.com
In this Hugo-winning 1991 SF novel, Vernor Vinge gives us a wild new cosmology, a galaxy-spanning "Net of a Million Lies," some finely imagined aliens, and much nail-biting suspense.
Faster-than-light travel remains impossible near Earth, deep in the galaxy's Slow Zone--but physical laws relax in the surrounding Beyond. Outside that again is the Transcend, full of unguessable, godlike "Powers." When human meddling wakes an old Power, the Blight, this spreads like a wildfire mind virus that turns whole civilizations into its unthinking tools. And the half-mythical Countermeasure, if it exists, is lost with two human children on primitive Tines World.
Serious complications follow. One paranoid alien alliance blames humanity for the Blight and launches a genocidal strike. Pham Nuwen, the man who knows about Countermeasure, escapes this ruin in the spacecraft Out of Band--heading for more violence and treachery, with 500 warships soon in hot pursuit. On his destination world, the fascinating Tines are intelligent only in combination: named "individuals" are small packs of the doglike aliens. Primitive doesn't mean stupid, and opposed Tine leaders wheedle the young castaways for information about guns and radios. Low-tech war looms, with elaborately nested betrayals and schemes to seize Out of Band if it ever arrives. The tension becomes extreme... while half the Beyond debates the issues on galactic Usenet.
Vinge's climax is suitably mindboggling. This epic combines the flash and dazzle of old-style space opera with modern, polished thoughtfulness. Pham Nuwen also appears in the nifty prequel set 30,000 years earlier, A Deepness in the Sky. Both recommended. --David Langford, Amazon.co.uk
From Publishers Weekly
It has been six years since Vinge's last book ( Marooned in Realtime ), but the wait proves worthwhile in this stimulating tale filled with ideas, action and likable, believable characters, both alien and human. Vinge presents a galaxy divided into Zones--regions where different physical constraints allow very different technological and mental possibilities. Earth remains in the "Slowness" zone, where nothing can travel faster than light and minds are fairly limited. The action of the book is in the "Beyond," where translight travel and other marvels exist, and humans are one of many intelligent species. One human colony has been experimenting with ancient technology in order to find a path to the "Transcend," where intelligence and power are so great as to seem godlike. Instead they release the Blight, an evil power, from a billion-year captivity. As the Blight begins to spread, a few humans flee with a secret that might destroy it, but they are stranded in a primitive low-tech world barely in the Beyond. While the Blight destroys whole races and star systems, a team of two humans and two aliens races to rescue the others, pursued by the Blight's agents and other enemies. With uninterrupted pacing, suspense without contrivance, and deftly drawn aliens who can be pleasantly comical without becoming cute, Vinge offers heart-pounding, mind-expanding science fiction at its best.
Copyright 1992 Reed Business Information, Inc. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
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105 of 108 people found the following review helpful:
Some like it, some hate it. Regardless, read it., November 16, 1997
Reviewer: Walter Flaschka (Oxford, MS USA) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)
Most of us are probably aware of how, as you read more and more science fiction, your stack of 'extremely good' books stays mostly level while the stack of 'acceptable' books outgrows your bookshelf. You start to appreciate the writers who have done their duty to science fiction by studying the Drexlers, the Minskys and Feynmans -- the scientists whose sheer extrapolative powers really push the borders of imagination.
Vinge is one of those hardworking writers. He is the author of the hard-to-find "True names and other dangers..." which means you can credit him for adding several of the future- or tech-based memes most of us take for granted today.
The ratings for this book waver between 6-10, with a '2' thrown in by some poor fellow. Don't worry about Vernor Vinge's grammatical capabilities -- he writes a mean sentence, and some of the best technical descriptions I've ever read. For a genre which pedestalizes Asimov, who could hardly string 6 words together coherently (guess he was moving too fast), some people are MIGHTY picky!
Also, you won't find the "-oid" syndrome which you get with Bujold, for example, where contemporary items are made to sound science-fictiony just by giving them a new name. You won't read sentences like "He grabbed his key-oids and jumped in his car-oid..."
Vinge's science is deep, and the ramifications of everything from the 'slow zone' to the 'unthinking deeps' to the 'agrav fabric docks' to the hi-tech of the beyond, to the cute extrapolation of an Internet of galactic scope, to the effect of radio upon the Tines (a sophont race), to the matter-of-fact acceptance of racial senescence... all of these things are well thought out and brilliantly presented. You will see many of Vinge's concepts become commonplace in science fiction, and you'll be able to say you saw it here first. :)
Vinge is a scientist/mathmetician, after all, and he seems constitutionally unable to write the soft-science glop which is taking over science fiction. His science fiction is as hard as diamond, and the only bad side effect is that the people you read between the 'good ones' will seem much more inept and unimaginative.
Don't worry about Vinge's characterizations... they're strong and capable (especially those of the skroderiders (plants) and the tines (pack intelligences)). You'll be fascinated by his treatment of alien mentalities... and if you aren't, well, luckily science fiction isn't about characterization anyways.
If you want character, read a novel, which is the genre of the character. If you want science fiction, you could do MUCH worse than come here... you'll be adding a nice thick book to your small stack of 'extremely good' books.
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44 of 54 people found the following review helpful:
Slow Going, But Worth Reading Anyway, December 8, 2000
Reviewer: Amanda M. Hayes (Indianapolis, IN) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)
This was a very silly book for the professor of my Intro to Sci-Fi class to assign at the end of the semester. Not because of the page-count, as relatively large as that is; not because it's too weighty or complex to understand, either, since it really isn't. However, it is a book that moves somewhat slowly--and which will not, frankly speaking, keep you turning pages late into the night out of any fervent desire to see what happens next.
Despite this, I'd still highly recommend it for the reader who doesn't mind possibly being in for a long haul. The concepts introduced in Fire Upon the Deep are fascinating: Zones of Thought, Skroderiders, Powers, Transcendence--and particularly the Known Net, an Internet-like contrivance which links a good part of the galaxy together. Balanced against these science fictional elements is the more fantastic setting of Tines' World, a medieval land inhabited by dog-like creatures who communicate through telepathy and have an intriguing method of genetic engineering. Whether you're a fan of science fiction, fantasy, or just a good tale, there's something here for you. Unfortunately, the rushed and anti-climactic ending does detract from what would otherwise be an excellent story.
Know what to expect before you buy this book: interesting--and fresh!--ideas, wonderfully vivid characters, a bit of humor, a bit of horror, technological exposition, and a good, solid plot. Don't read this if you're out for something quick and light, and be prepared to put it down now and then, maybe even picking something else to read before you finish. This isn't a fast or easy novel to get through... but the virtues of it make it worthwhile to endure this vice.
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0 of 1 people found the following review helpful:
Liked the story despite all the high tech speak, September 23, 2006
Reviewer: greybon (USA) - See all my reviews
My reading choices in sci-fi have typically been X-files related. I've read William Gibson's Virtual Light and Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game, but beyond that? I really don't know that I've read others. This is why I believe it took me so long to read Vernor Vinge's A Fire Upon the Deep. I'd read a little, then put it down. A few weeks later, I'd pick it up and read a little more. However, I plowed through the last 200 pages or so.
This is a very complex story, full of captivating characters in richly detailed lands. Jefri and Johanna Olsndot are children stranded on a medieval planet, where the inhabitants are canine creatures that exist in pack forms. The crew (Ravna, Pham, Blueshell, Greenstalk) of a ship named the OOB, races to save them and to retrieve an artifact that just may save the world.
I'll admit, this book is a slow read initially. The first third of it tripped me up with all the high tech space speak. Plus, the author includes many Internet style messages that are pretty much reading email across the universe. These messages are technical soup. Toward the end I found myself just skipping over them.
Once I got past that initial space speak section and into the medieval world (and read far enough to actually understand that the inhabitants were pack creatures) I found myself entranced by this world. I loved seeing the children interact with these creatures. The author did an excellent job with creating a wide variety of personalities, yet blending them all nicely into the story.
Any time the story flipped back to space I found it lagging. Mostly because all the geek speak was over my head. I followed some of it with a struggle between great Powers. And I liked Blueshell and Greenstalk, who are basically plants on wheels and have limited short term memory. That made for some amusing scenes. But overall, the scenes that happened in the skies, weren't as interesting to me as what was going on down below.
Yet, even with that, I loved this story. I can easily see myself skimming through it just to read about this canine pack world again. The culture is that fascinating. Packs of dog like beings who live in a medieval society. They use their mouths to grasp tools just as they do their paws. And they can't get too close to each other or the mind noise that radiates from each pack entity will confuse them. Plus there are two sides at war, so the story is ripe with spies and the race for technological advances to defeat the enemy. All in all, very cool! I'll just skip over all the space talk. :P
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0 of 3 people found the following review helpful:
Don't get it, don't like it, September 5, 2006
Reviewer: MEA (Davis, CA) - See all my reviews
I'm sure many won't like my review, but I just don't get the point of this book. I'm around page 70 (as another reviewer was) and I'm desperate to move on to another book. The writing is inconsistent in voice, the author fails to ground the reader in the book's world. For example, it takes the author forever and a day to make it clear that the dog-like creatures travel in packs and that they think as a unit, even then I have questions, for example, do any of the members have independent thought, what is their history, etc. Granted the author can't give up all information up front, but at least make us like the characters. None of the characters are sympathetic...if any of them died, I wouldn't care. And frankly, I wish I'd understood better that the main storyline centered around telepathy and thoughts - I don't find that subject matter believable. I bought this book because it was rated highly on Amazon's science fiction book list. Next time I'll do better research.
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Excellent, Thought Provoking, August 30, 2006
Reviewer: James D. Michels "jdmichels" (Paris France) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)
Excellent, Thought Provoking
I don't have time to write an in depth review, but this book deserved a recommendation, so I will be direct and brief.
The base premises such as the "slow zone" that make this book different are excellent. The writing style is good, characterization and descriptions are good. The only possible downside to this book is an assumption by the author that the reader is capable of doing a little mental work while reading. This is not your passive, MTV story. There are gaps and leaps that you will have to work at. I find that a valuable part of the read.
I expect that many of the people that reviewed this book poorly just don't have the mental guns to keep up with the story. Something simple like Eragon would be more appropriate for them.
This is classic, hard Sci-Fi well done.
It is not as great or sweeping as Dune, not as spectacular as Stranger in a Strange Land, but it is as good as Ring World.
Highly Recommended.
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Prescient, intriguing, stands up to a re-read (and a re-re-read), August 11, 2006
Reviewer: antenna (ex-UK now US) - See all my reviews
I first read this book in the late 90s. Since then, I have re-read it twice. Each time, I enjoyed it. The ideas are original and thought-provoking, the writing competent, the plotting intricate and well-executed, and the characterization multidimensional. Even 13 years after publication, it does not feel dated (unlike so much science fiction). I liked the way the the author constantly but gently pokes at the reader's preconceptions. I'm looking forward to reading it again in a few years!
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out2,not input
Search Techniques
Sample Problem: n Queens [Traditional]
Place n queens on an n x n chess board so that no queen is attacked by another queen.
Depth First Search (DFS)
The most obvious solution to code is to add queens recursively to the board one by one, trying all possible queen placements. It is easy to exploit the fact that there must be exactly one queen in each column: at each step in the recursion, just choose where in the current column to put the queen.
1 search(col)
2 if filled all columns
3 print solution and exit
4 for each row
5 if board(row, col) is not attacked
6 place queen at (row, col)
7 search(col+1)
8 remove queen at (row, col)
Calling
search(0) begins the search. This runs quickly, since there are relatively few choices at each step: once a few queens are on the board, the number of non-attacked squares goes down dramatically.
This is an example of depth first search, because the algorithm iterates down to the bottom of the search tree as quickly as possible: once k queens are placed on the board, boards with even more queens are examined before examining other possible boards with only k queens. This is okay but sometimes it is desirable to find the simplest solutions before trying more complex ones.
Depth first search checks each node in a search tree for some property. The search tree might look like this:
The algorithm searches the tree by going down as far as possible and then backtracking when necessary, making a sort of outline of the tree as the nodes are visited. Pictorially, the tree is traversed in the following manner:
Complexity
Suppose there are d decisions that must be made. (In this case d=n, the number of columns we must fill.) Suppose further that there are C choices for each decision. (In this case c=n also, since any of the rows could potentially be chosen.) Then the entire search will take time proportional to cd, i.e., an exponential amount of time. This scheme requires little space, though: since it only keeps track of as many decisions as there are to make, it requires only O(d) space.
Sample Problem: Knight Cover [Traditional]
Place as few knights as possible on an n x n chess board so that every square is attacked. A knight is not considered to attack the square on which it sits.
Breadth First Search (BFS)
In this case, it is desirable to try all the solutions with only k knights before moving on to those with k+1 knights. This is called breadth first search. The usual way to implement breadth first search is to use a queue of states:
1 process(state)
2 for each possible next state from this one
3 enqueue next state
4 search()
5 enqueue initial state
6 while !empty(queue)
7 state = get state from queue
8 process(state)
This is called breadth first search because it searches an entire row (the breadth) of the search tree before moving on to the next row. For the search tree used previously, breadth first search visits the nodes in this order:
It first visits the top node, then all the nodes at level 1, then all at level 2, and so on.
Complexity
Whereas depth first search required space proportional to the number of decisions (there were n columns to fill in the n queens problem, so it took O(n) space), breadth first search requires space exponential in the number of choices.
If there are c choices at each decision and k decisions have been made, then there are c k possible boards that will be in the queue for the next round. This difference is quite significant given the space restrictions of some programming environments.
[Some details on why ck: Consider the nodes in the recursion tree. The zeroeth level has 1 nodes. The first level has c nodes. The second level has c2 nodes, etc. Thus, the total number of nodes on the k-th level is ck.]
Depth First with Iterative Deepening (ID)
An alternative to breadth first search is iterative deepening. Instead of a single breadth first search, run D depth first searches in succession, each search allowed to go one row deeper than the previous one. That is, the first search is allowed only to explore to row 1, the second to row 2, and so on. This simulates'' a breadth first search at a cost in time but a savings in space.
1 truncated_dfsearch(hnextpos, depth)
2 if board is covered
3 print solution and exit
4 if depth == 0
5 return
6 for i from nextpos to n*n
7 put knight at i
8 truncated_dfsearch(i+1, depth-1)
9 remove knight at i
10 dfid_search
11 for depth = 0 to max_depth
12 truncated_dfsearch(0, depth)
Complexity
The space complexity of iterative deepening is just the space complexity of depth first search: O(n). The time complexity, on the other hand, is more complex. Each truncated depth first search stopped at depth k takes ck time. Then if d is the maximum number of decisions, depth first iterative deepening takes c0 + c1 + c2 + ... + cd time.
If c = 2, then this sum is cd+1 - 1, about twice the time that breadth first search would have taken. When c is more than two (i.e., when there are many choices for each decision), the sum is even less: iterative deepening cannot take more than twice the time that breadth first search would have taken, assuming there are always at least two choices for each decision.
Which to Use?
Once you've identified a problem as a search problem, it's important to choose the right type of search. Here are some things to think about.
In a Nutshell
Search Time Space When to use
DFS O(c k) O(k) Must search tree anyway, know the level the answers are on, or you aren't looking for the shallowest number.
BFS O(c d ) O(c d ) Know answers are very near top of tree, or want shallowest answer.
DFS+ID O(c d) O(d) Want to do BFS, don't have enough space, and can spare the time.
d is the depth of the answer
k is the depth searched
d <= k
Remember the ordering properties of each search. If the program needs to produce a list sorted shortest solution first (in terms of distance from the root node), use breadth first search or iterative deepening. For other orders, depth first search is the right strategy.
If there isn't enough time to search the entire tree, use the algorithm that is more likely to find the answer. If the answer is expected to be in one of the rows of nodes closest to the root, use breadth first search or iterative deepening. Conversely, if the answer is expected to be in the leaves, use the simpler depth first search.
Be sure to keep space constraints in mind. If memory is insufficient to maintain the queue for breadth first search but time is available, use iterative deepening.
Sample Problems
Superprime Rib [USACO 1994 Final Round, adapted]
A number is called superprime if it is prime and every number obtained by chopping some number of digits from the right side of the decimal expansion is prime. For example, 233 is a superprime, because 233, 23, and 2 are all prime. Print a list of all the superprime numbers of length n, for n <= 9. The number 1 is not a prime.
For this problem, use depth first search, since all the answers are going to be at the nth level (the bottom level) of the search.
Betsy's Tour [USACO 1995 Qualifying Round]
A square township has been partitioned into n 2 square plots. The Farm is located in the upper left plot and the Market is located in the lower left plot. Betsy takes a tour of the township going from Farm to Market by walking through every plot exactly once. Write a program that will count how many unique tours Betsy can take in going from Farm to Market for any value of n <= 6.
Since the number of solutions is required, the entire tree must be searched, even if one solution is found quickly. So it doesn't matter from a time perspective whether DFS or BFS is used. Since DFS takes less space, it is the search of choice for this problem.
Udder Travel [USACO 1995 Final Round; Piele]
The Udder Travel cow transport company is based at farm A and owns one cow truck which it uses to pick up and deliver cows between seven farms A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. The (commutative) distances between farms are given by an array. Every morning, Udder Travel has to decide, given a set of cow moving orders, the order in which to pick up and deliver cows to minimize the total distance traveled. Here are the rules:
* The truck always starts from the headquarters at farm A and must return there when the day's deliveries are done.
* The truck can only carry one cow at a time.
* The orders are given as pairs of letters denoting where a cow is to be picked up followed by where the cow is to be delivered.
Your job is to write a program that, given any set of orders, determines the shortest route that takes care of all the deliveries, while starting and ending at farm A.
Since all possibilities must be tried in order to ensure the best one is found, the entire tree must be searched, which takes the same amount of time whether using DFS or BFS. Since DFS uses much less space and is conceptually easier to implement, use that.
Desert Crossing [1992 IOI, adapted]
A group of desert nomads is working together to try to get one of their group across the desert. Each nomad can carry a certain number of quarts of water, and each nomad drinks a certain amount of water per day, but the nomads can carry differing amounts of water, and require different amounts of water. Given the carrying capacity and drinking requirements of each nomad, find the minimum number of nomads required to get at least one nomad across the desert.
All the nomads must survive, so every nomad that starts out must either turn back at some point, carrying enough water to get back to the start or must reach the other side of the desert. However, if a nomad has surplus water when it is time to turn back, the water can be given to their friends, if their friends can carry it.
Analysis: This problem actually is two recursive problems: one recursing on the set of nomads to use, the other on when the nomads turn back. Depth-first search with iterative deepening works well here to determine the nomads required, trying first if any one can make it across by themselves, then seeing if two work together to get across, etc.
Addition Chains
An addition chain is a sequence of integers such that the first number is 1, and every subsequent number is the sum of some two (not necessarily unique) numbers that appear in the list before it. For example, 1 2 3 5 is such a chain, as 2 is 1+1, 3 is 2+1, and 5 is 2+3. Find the minimum length chain that ends with a given number.
Analysis: Depth-first search with iterative deepening works well here, as DFS has a tendency to first try 1 2 3 4 5 ... n, which is really bad and the queue grows too large very quickly for BFS.
USACO Gateway | Comment or Question
in2
Pbxoze Qbzekfnrbp
Pxjmib Molyibj: k Nrbbkp [Qoxafqflkxi]
Mixzb k nrbbkp lk xk k u k zebpp ylxoa pl qexq kl nrbbk fp xqqxzhba yv xklqebo nrbbk.
Abmqe Cfopq Pbxoze (ACP)
Qeb jlpq lysflrp plirqflk ql zlab fp ql xaa nrbbkp obzropfsbiv ql qeb ylxoa lkb yv lkb, qovfkd xii mlppfyib nrbbk mixzbjbkqp. Fq fp bxpv ql bumilfq qeb cxzq qexq qebob jrpq yb buxzqiv lkb nrbbk fk bxze zlirjk: xq bxze pqbm fk qeb obzropflk, grpq zellpb tebob fk qeb zroobkq zlirjk ql mrq qeb nrbbk.
1 pbxoze(zli)
2 fc cfiiba xii zlirjkp
3 mofkq plirqflk xka bufq
4 clo bxze olt
5 fc ylxoa(olt, zli) fp klq xqqxzhba
6 mixzb nrbbk xq (olt, zli)
7 pbxoze(zli+1)
8 objlsb nrbbk xq (olt, zli)
Zxiifkd
pbxoze(0) ybdfkp qeb pbxoze. Qefp orkp nrfzhiv, pfkzb qebob xob obixqfsbiv cbt zelfzbp xq bxze pqbm: lkzb x cbt nrbbkp xob lk qeb ylxoa, qeb krjybo lc klk-xqqxzhba pnrxobp dlbp altk aoxjxqfzxiiv.
Qefp fp xk buxjmib lc abmqe cfopq pbxoze, ybzxrpb qeb xidlofqej fqboxqbp altk ql qeb ylqqlj lc qeb pbxoze qobb xp nrfzhiv xp mlppfyib: lkzb h nrbbkp xob mixzba lk qeb ylxoa, ylxoap tfqe bsbk jlob nrbbkp xob buxjfkba ybclob buxjfkfkd lqebo mlppfyib ylxoap tfqe lkiv h nrbbkp. Qefp fp lhxv yrq pljbqfjbp fq fp abpfoxyib ql cfka qeb pfjmibpq plirqflkp ybclob qovfkd jlob zljmibu lkbp.
Abmqe cfopq pbxoze zebzhp bxze klab fk x pbxoze qobb clo pljb molmboqv. Qeb pbxoze qobb jfdeq illh ifhb qefp:
Qeb xidlofqej pbxozebp qeb qobb yv dlfkd altk xp cxo xp mlppfyib xka qebk yxzhqoxzhfkd tebk kbzbppxov, jxhfkd x ploq lc lrqifkb lc qeb qobb xp qeb klabp xob sfpfqba. Mfzqlofxiiv, qeb qobb fp qoxsbopba fk qeb cliiltfkd jxkkbo:
Zljmibufqv
Prmmlpb qebob xob a abzfpflkp qexq jrpq yb jxab. (Fk qefp zxpb a=k, qeb krjybo lc zlirjkp tb jrpq cfii.) Prmmlpb croqebo qexq qebob xob Z zelfzbp clo bxze abzfpflk. (Fk qefp zxpb z=k xipl, pfkzb xkv lc qeb oltp zlria mlqbkqfxiiv yb zelpbk.) Qebk qeb bkqfob pbxoze tfii qxhb qfjb molmloqflkxi ql za, f.b., xk bumlkbkqfxi xjlrkq lc qfjb. Qefp pzebjb obnrfobp ifqqib pmxzb, qelrde: pfkzb fq lkiv hbbmp qoxzh lc xp jxkv abzfpflkp xp qebob xob ql jxhb, fq obnrfobp lkiv L(a) pmxzb.
Pxjmib Molyibj: Hkfdeq Zlsbo [Qoxafqflkxi]
Mixzb xp cbt hkfdeqp xp mlppfyib lk xk k u k zebpp ylxoa pl qexq bsbov pnrxob fp xqqxzhba. X hkfdeq fp klq zlkpfaboba ql xqqxzh qeb pnrxob lk tefze fq pfqp.
Yobxaqe Cfopq Pbxoze (YCP)
Fk qefp zxpb, fq fp abpfoxyib ql qov xii qeb plirqflkp tfqe lkiv h hkfdeqp ybclob jlsfkd lk ql qelpb tfqe h+1 hkfdeqp. Qefp fp zxiiba yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze. Qeb rprxi txv ql fjmibjbkq yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze fp ql rpb x nrbrb lc pqxqbp:
1 molzbpp(pqxqb)
2 clo bxze mlppfyib kbuq pqxqb colj qefp lkb
3 bknrbrb kbuq pqxqb
4 pbxoze()
5 bknrbrb fkfqfxi pqxqb
6 tefib !bjmqv(nrbrb)
7 pqxqb = dbq pqxqb colj nrbrb
8 molzbpp(pqxqb)
Qefp fp zxiiba yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze ybzxrpb fq pbxozebp xk bkqfob olt (qeb yobxaqe) lc qeb pbxoze qobb ybclob jlsfkd lk ql qeb kbuq olt. Clo qeb pbxoze qobb rpba mobsflrpiv, yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze sfpfqp qeb klabp fk qefp loabo:
Fq cfopq sfpfqp qeb qlm klab, qebk xii qeb klabp xq ibsbi 1, qebk xii xq ibsbi 2, xka pl lk.
Zljmibufqv
Tebobxp abmqe cfopq pbxoze obnrfoba pmxzb molmloqflkxi ql qeb krjybo lc abzfpflkp (qebob tbob k zlirjkp ql cfii fk qeb k nrbbkp molyibj, pl fq qllh L(k) pmxzb), yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze obnrfobp pmxzb bumlkbkqfxi fk qeb krjybo lc zelfzbp.
Fc qebob xob z zelfzbp xq bxze abzfpflk xka h abzfpflkp exsb ybbk jxab, qebk qebob xob z h mlppfyib ylxoap qexq tfii yb fk qeb nrbrb clo qeb kbuq olrka. Qefp afccbobkzb fp nrfqb pfdkfcfzxkq dfsbk qeb pmxzb obpqofzqflkp lc pljb moldoxjjfkd bksfolkjbkqp.
[Pljb abqxfip lk tev zh: Zlkpfabo qeb klabp fk qeb obzropflk qobb. Qeb wbolbqe ibsbi exp 1 klabp. Qeb cfopq ibsbi exp z klabp. Qeb pbzlka ibsbi exp z2 klabp, bqz. Qerp, qeb qlqxi krjybo lc klabp lk qeb h-qe ibsbi fp zh.]
Abmqe Cfopq tfqe Fqboxqfsb Abbmbkfkd (FA)
Xk xiqbokxqfsb ql yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze fp fqboxqfsb abbmbkfkd. Fkpqbxa lc x pfkdib yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze, ork A abmqe cfopq pbxozebp fk przzbppflk, bxze pbxoze xiiltba ql dl lkb olt abbmbo qexk qeb mobsflrp lkb. Qexq fp, qeb cfopq pbxoze fp xiiltba lkiv ql bumilob ql olt 1, qeb pbzlka ql olt 2, xka pl lk. Qefppfjrixqbp'' x yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze xq x zlpq fk qfjb yrq x pxsfkdp fk pmxzb.
1 qorkzxqba_acpbxoze(ekbuqmlp, abmqe)
2 fc ylxoa fp zlsboba
3 mofkq plirqflk xka bufq
4 fc abmqe == 0
5 obqrok
6 clo f colj kbuqmlp ql k*k
7 mrq hkfdeq xq f
8 qorkzxqba_acpbxoze(f+1, abmqe-1)
9 objlsb hkfdeq xq f
10 acfa_pbxoze
11 clo abmqe = 0 ql jxu_abmqe
12 qorkzxqba_acpbxoze(0, abmqe)
Zljmibufqv
Qeb pmxzb zljmibufqv lc fqboxqfsb abbmbkfkd fp grpq qeb pmxzb zljmibufqv lc abmqe cfopq pbxoze: L(k). Qeb qfjb zljmibufqv, lk qeb lqebo exka, fp jlob zljmibu. Bxze qorkzxqba abmqe cfopq pbxoze pqlmmba xq abmqe h qxhbp zh qfjb. Qebk fc a fp qeb jxufjrj krjybo lc abzfpflkp, abmqe cfopq fqboxqfsb abbmbkfkd qxhbp z0 + z1 + z2 + ... + za qfjb.
Fc z = 2, qebk qefp prj fp za+1 - 1, xylrq qtfzb qeb qfjb qexq yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze tlria exsb qxhbk. Tebk z fp jlob qexk qtl (f.b., tebk qebob xob jxkv zelfzbp clo bxze abzfpflk), qeb prj fp bsbk ibpp: fqboxqfsb abbmbkfkd zxkklq qxhb jlob qexk qtfzb qeb qfjb qexq yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze tlria exsb qxhbk, xpprjfkd qebob xob xitxvp xq ibxpq qtl zelfzbp clo bxze abzfpflk.
Tefze ql Rpb?
Lkzb vlr'sb fabkqfcfba x molyibj xp x pbxoze molyibj, fq'p fjmloqxkq ql zellpb qeb ofdeq qvmb lc pbxoze. Ebob xob pljb qefkdp ql qefkh xylrq.
Fk x Krqpebii
Pbxoze Qfjb Pmxzb Tebk ql rpb
ACP L(z h) L(h) Jrpq pbxoze qobb xkvtxv, hklt qeb ibsbi qeb xkptbop xob lk, lo vlr xobk'q illhfkd clo qeb pexiiltbpq krjybo.
YCP L(z a ) L(z a ) Hklt xkptbop xob sbov kbxo qlm lc qobb, lo txkq pexiiltbpq xkptbo.
ACP+FA L(z a) L(a) Txkq ql al YCP, alk'q exsb bklrde pmxzb, xka zxk pmxob qeb qfjb.
a fp qeb abmqe lc qeb xkptbo
h fp qeb abmqe pbxozeba
a <= h
Objbjybo qeb loabofkd molmboqfbp lc bxze pbxoze. Fc qeb moldoxj kbbap ql molarzb x ifpq ploqba peloqbpq plirqflk cfopq (fk qbojp lc afpqxkzb colj qeb ollq klab), rpb yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze lo fqboxqfsb abbmbkfkd. Clo lqebo loabop, abmqe cfopq pbxoze fp qeb ofdeq pqoxqbdv.
Fc qebob fpk'q bklrde qfjb ql pbxoze qeb bkqfob qobb, rpb qeb xidlofqej qexq fp jlob ifhbiv ql cfka qeb xkptbo. Fc qeb xkptbo fp bumbzqba ql yb fk lkb lc qeb oltp lc klabp zilpbpq ql qeb ollq, rpb yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze lo fqboxqfsb abbmbkfkd. Zlksbopbiv, fc qeb xkptbo fp bumbzqba ql yb fk qeb ibxsbp, rpb qeb pfjmibo abmqe cfopq pbxoze.
Yb prob ql hbbm pmxzb zlkpqoxfkqp fk jfka. Fc jbjlov fp fkprccfzfbkq ql jxfkqxfk qeb nrbrb clo yobxaqe cfopq pbxoze yrq qfjb fp xsxfixyib, rpb fqboxqfsb abbmbkfkd.
Pxjmib Molyibjp
Prmbomofjb Ofy [RPXZL 1994 Cfkxi Olrka, xaxmqba]
X krjybo fp zxiiba prmbomofjb fc fq fp mofjb xka bsbov krjybo lyqxfkba yv zelmmfkd pljb krjybo lc afdfqp colj qeb ofdeq pfab lc qeb abzfjxi bumxkpflk fp mofjb. Clo buxjmib, 233 fp x prmbomofjb, ybzxrpb 233, 23, xka 2 xob xii mofjb. Mofkq x ifpq lc xii qeb prmbomofjb krjybop lc ibkdqe k, clo k <= 9. Qeb krjybo 1 fp klq x mofjb.
Clo qefp molyibj, rpb abmqe cfopq pbxoze, pfkzb xii qeb xkptbop xob dlfkd ql yb xq qeb kqe ibsbi (qeb ylqqlj ibsbi) lc qeb pbxoze.
Ybqpv'p Qlro [RPXZL 1995 Nrxifcvfkd Olrka]
X pnrxob qltkpefm exp ybbk mxoqfqflkba fkql k 2 pnrxob milqp. Qeb Cxoj fp ilzxqba fk qeb rmmbo ibcq milq xka qeb Jxohbq fp ilzxqba fk qeb iltbo ibcq milq. Ybqpv qxhbp x qlro lc qeb qltkpefm dlfkd colj Cxoj ql Jxohbq yv txihfkd qeolrde bsbov milq buxzqiv lkzb. Tofqb x moldoxj qexq tfii zlrkq elt jxkv rkfnrb qlrop Ybqpv zxk qxhb fk dlfkd colj Cxoj ql Jxohbq clo xkv sxirb lc k <= 6.
Pfkzb qeb krjybo lc plirqflkp fp obnrfoba, qeb bkqfob qobb jrpq yb pbxozeba, bsbk fc lkb plirqflk fp clrka nrfzhiv. Pl fq albpk'q jxqqbo colj x qfjb mbopmbzqfsb tebqebo ACP lo YCP fp rpba. Pfkzb ACP qxhbp ibpp pmxzb, fq fp qeb pbxoze lc zelfzb clo qefp molyibj.
Raabo Qoxsbi [RPXZL 1995 Cfkxi Olrka; Mfbib]
Qeb Raabo Qoxsbi zlt qoxkpmloq zljmxkv fp yxpba xq cxoj X xka ltkp lkb zlt qorzh tefze fq rpbp ql mfzh rm xka abifsbo zltp ybqtbbk pbsbk cxojp X, Y, Z, A, B, C, xka D. Qeb (zljjrqxqfsb) afpqxkzbp ybqtbbk cxojp xob dfsbk yv xk xooxv. Bsbov jlokfkd, Raabo Qoxsbi exp ql abzfab, dfsbk x pbq lc zlt jlsfkd loabop, qeb loabo fk tefze ql mfzh rm xka abifsbo zltp ql jfkfjfwb qeb qlqxi afpqxkzb qoxsbiba. Ebob xob qeb oribp:
* Qeb qorzh xitxvp pqxoqp colj qeb ebxanrxoqbop xq cxoj X xka jrpq obqrok qebob tebk qeb axv'p abifsbofbp xob alkb.
* Qeb qorzh zxk lkiv zxoov lkb zlt xq x qfjb.
* Qeb loabop xob dfsbk xp mxfop lc ibqqbop abklqfkd tebob x zlt fp ql yb mfzhba rm cliiltba yv tebob qeb zlt fp ql yb abifsboba.
Vlro gly fp ql tofqb x moldoxj qexq, dfsbk xkv pbq lc loabop, abqbojfkbp qeb peloqbpq olrqb qexq qxhbp zxob lc xii qeb abifsbofbp, tefib pqxoqfkd xka bkafkd xq cxoj X.
Pfkzb xii mlppfyfifqfbp jrpq yb qofba fk loabo ql bkprob qeb ybpq lkb fp clrka, qeb bkqfob qobb jrpq yb pbxozeba, tefze qxhbp qeb pxjb xjlrkq lc qfjb tebqebo rpfkd ACP lo YCP. Pfkzb ACP rpbp jrze ibpp pmxzb xka fp zlkzbmqrxiiv bxpfbo ql fjmibjbkq, rpb qexq.
Abpboq Zolppfkd [1992 FLF, xaxmqba]
X dolrm lc abpboq kljxap fp tlohfkd qldbqebo ql qov ql dbq lkb lc qebfo dolrm xzolpp qeb abpboq. Bxze kljxa zxk zxoov x zboqxfk krjybo lc nrxoqp lc txqbo, xka bxze kljxa aofkhp x zboqxfk xjlrkq lc txqbo mbo axv, yrq qeb kljxap zxk zxoov afccbofkd xjlrkqp lc txqbo, xka obnrfob afccbobkq xjlrkqp lc txqbo. Dfsbk qeb zxoovfkd zxmxzfqv xka aofkhfkd obnrfobjbkqp lc bxze kljxa, cfka qeb jfkfjrj krjybo lc kljxap obnrfoba ql dbq xq ibxpq lkb kljxa xzolpp qeb abpboq.
Xii qeb kljxap jrpq prosfsb, pl bsbov kljxa qexq pqxoqp lrq jrpq bfqebo qrok yxzh xq pljb mlfkq, zxoovfkd bklrde txqbo ql dbq yxzh ql qeb pqxoq lo jrpq obxze qeb lqebo pfab lc qeb abpboq. Eltbsbo, fc x kljxa exp promirp txqbo tebk fq fp qfjb ql qrok yxzh, qeb txqbo zxk yb dfsbk ql qebfo cofbkap, fc qebfo cofbkap zxk zxoov fq.
Xkxivpfp: Qefp molyibj xzqrxiiv fp qtl obzropfsb molyibjp: lkb obzropfkd lk qeb pbq lc kljxap ql rpb, qeb lqebo lk tebk qeb kljxap qrok yxzh. Abmqe-cfopq pbxoze tfqe fqboxqfsb abbmbkfkd tlohp tbii ebob ql abqbojfkb qeb kljxap obnrfoba, qovfkd cfopq fc xkv lkb zxk jxhb fq xzolpp yv qebjpbisbp, qebk pbbfkd fc qtl tloh qldbqebo ql dbq xzolpp, bqz.
Xaafqflk Zexfkp
Xk xaafqflk zexfk fp x pbnrbkzb lc fkqbdbop prze qexq qeb cfopq krjybo fp 1, xka bsbov prypbnrbkq krjybo fp qeb prj lc pljb qtl (klq kbzbppxofiv rkfnrb) krjybop qexq xmmbxo fk qeb ifpq ybclob fq. Clo buxjmib, 1 2 3 5 fp prze x zexfk, xp 2 fp 1+1, 3 fp 2+1, xka 5 fp 2+3. Cfka qeb jfkfjrj ibkdqe zexfk qexq bkap tfqe x dfsbk krjybo.
Xkxivpfp: Abmqe-cfopq pbxoze tfqe fqboxqfsb abbmbkfkd tlohp tbii ebob, xp ACP exp x qbkabkzv ql cfopq qov 1 2 3 4 5 ... k, tefze fp obxiiv yxa xka qeb nrbrb doltp qll ixodb sbov nrfzhiv clo YCP.
RPXZL Dxqbtxv | Zljjbkq lo Nrbpqflk
lzctuhao

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input0:
Npouz Ibmm Ejmfnnb
Uif Npouz Ibmm Ejmfnnb xbt ejtdvttfe jo uif qpqvmbs "Btl Nbszmjo" rvftujpo-boe-botxfs dpmvno pg uif Qbsbef nbhbajof. Efubjmt dbo bmtp cf gpvoe jo uif "Qpxfs pg Mphjdbm Uijoljoh" cz Nbszmjo wpt Tbwbou, Tu. Nbsujo't Qsftt, 1996.
Nbszmjo sfdfjwfe uif gpmmpxjoh rvftujpo:
Tvqqptf zpv'sf po b hbnf tipx, boe zpv'sf hjwfo uif dipjdf pg uisff eppst. Cfijoe pof epps jt b dbs, cfijoe uif puifst, hpbut. Zpv qjdl b epps, tbz ovncfs 1, boe uif iptu, xip lopxt xibu't cfijoe uif eppst, pqfot bopuifs epps, tbz ovncfs 3, xijdi ibt b hpbu. If tbzt up zpv, "Ep zpv xbou up qjdl epps ovncfs 2?" Jt ju up zpvs bewboubhf up txjudi zpvs dipjdf pg eppst?
Dsbjh. G. Xijublfs
Dpmvncjb, NE
Nbszmjo't sftqpotf dbvtfe bo bwbmbodif pg dpssftqpoefodf, nptumz gspn qfpqmf xip xpvme opu bddfqu ifs tpmvujpo. Tfwfsbm jufsbujpot pg dpssftqpoefodf fotvfe. Fwfouvbmmz, tif jttvfe b dbmm up Nbui ufbdifst bnpoh ifs sfbefst up pshbojaf fyqfsjnfout boe tfoe ifs uif dibsut. Tpnf sfbefst xjui bddftt up dpnqvufst sbo dpnqvufs tjnvmbujpot. Bu mpoh mbtu, uif usvui xbt ftubcmjtife boe bddfqufe.
Cfmpx jt pof tjnvmbujpo zpv nbz usz po zpvs dpnqvufs. Gps tjnqmjdjuz, J ep opu ijef hpbut cfijoe uif eppst. Uifsf jt pomz pof 'bctusbdu' qsjaf. Zpv nbz fjuifs iju po uif sjhiu epps ps njtt ju. Zpv nblf zpvs tfmfdujpo cz qsfttjoh tnbmm spvoe cvuupot cfmpx joqvu dpouspmt uibu tvctujuvuf gps uif eppst. Epxo cfmpx puifs dpouspmt vqebuf fyqfsjnfou tubujtujdt fwfo bt zpv qsphsftt.
Bqqspyjnbufmz fwfsz tfdpoe uif qsphsbn dmfbst 'epps' dpouspmt boe jt xbjujoh gps zpvs tfmfdujpo. Cfgpsf zpv tubsu, tfu vq b eftjsfe upubm ovncfs pg fyqfsjnfout. Xjui fwfsz tfmfdujpo ju xjmm efdsfbtf cz 1.
Uxp dpouspwfstjbm tpmvujpot bsf hjwfo bgufs uif qvaamf. Xijdi jt uif sjhiu pof?
(Uif tjnvmbujpo cfmpx ibt cffo xsjuufo jo KbwbTdsjqu fbsmz jo 1996, J cfmjfwf. Ju xbt bnpoh nz gjstu buufnqut up dsfbuf ezobnjd qbhft po uif xfc. Bgufs J cfhbo qsphsbnnjnh jo Kbwb, J ofwfs bhbjo mpplfe cbdl up KbwbTdsjqu. Sfdfoumz, J jnqmfnfoufe b tjnvmbujpo pg uif Npouz Ibmm Ejmfnnb jo Kbwb. Ju jt npsf usbotqbsfou. J bmtp mjlf ju cfuufs.)
Jnqpsubou opuf:
Zpv svo b tjnvmbujpo. Evsjoh b tjnvmbujpo zpv bsf bmmpxfe up nblf bt nboz tfmfdujpot bt joejdbufe jo uif "Usjbmt up hp" dpouspm cfgpsf zpvs gjstu tfmfdujpo. Sfnfncfs bmtp uibu bgufs fbdi tfmfdujpo uif efwjdf offet bqqspyjnbufmz 1 tfdpoe up dmfbs vq dpouspmt. Qmfbtf xbju ujmm ju epft. Up tubsu b ofx tjnvmbujpo qmfbtf qsftt uif "Sftfu" cvuupo.
Eppst Xifo zpv tfmfdu b epps boe njtt uif qsjaf uif xpse 'tfmfdufe' bqqfbst jo uif dpouspm. Uif pof pqfo cz uif iptu xjmm ejtqmbz uif xpse 'pqfo'. Jg zpv hvftt dpssfdumz uif xpse 'qsjaf' xjmm cf ejtqmbzfe jo uif dpssftqpoejoh dpouspm.
Vtf uiftf sbejp cvuupot up nblf zpvs tfmfdujpo.
#Xjot #Mpttft
Jg zpv txjudi
Jg zpv ep opu txjudi
Ovncfs pg ijut
Usjbmt up hp
Tpmvujpo #1
Uifsf jt b 1/3 dibodf uibu zpv'mm iju uif qsjaf epps, boe b 2/3 dibodf uibu zpv'mm njtt uif qsjaf. Jg zpv ep opu txjudi, 1/3 jt zpvs qspcbcjmjuz up hfu uif qsjaf. Ipxfwfs, jg zpv njttfe (boe uijt xjui uif qspcbcjmjuz pg 2/3) uifo uif qsjaf jt cfijoe pof pg uif sfnbjojoh uxp eppst. Gvsuifsnpsf, pg uiftf uxp, uif iptu xjmm pqfo uif fnquz pof, mfbwjoh uif qsjaf epps dmptfe. Uifsfgpsf, jg zpv njtt boe uifo txjudi, zpv bsf dfsubjo up hfu uif qsjaf. Tvnnjoh vq, jg zpv ep opu txjudi zpvs dibodf pg xjoojoh jt 1/3 xifsfbt jg zpv ep txjudi zpvs dibodf pg xjoojoh jt 2/3.
Tpmvujpo #2
Bgufs uif iptu pqfofe pof epps, uxp sfnbjofe dmptfe xjui frvbm qspcbcjmjujft pg ibwjoh uif qsjaf cfijoe uifn. Uifsfgpsf, sfhbsemftt pg xifuifs zpv txjudi ps opu zpv ibwf b 50-50 dibodf(j.f, xjui qspcbcjmjujft 1/2) up iju ps njtt uif qsjaf epps.
Sfnbsl 1
Uif bcpwf tjnvmbujpo uppm ibwf uif wjsuvf pg cfjoh rvjuf tvhhftujwf - uisff rvboujujft, wja.,
* uif ovncfs pg ijut
* uif ovncfs pg xjot xjui op txjudijoh
* uif ovncfs pg mpttft xjui txjudijoh
bsf bmm frvbm. Ju't sfbmmz cfuufs up tff podf...
Sfnbsl 2
T.L.Tufjo jo ijt cppl Tusfohui jo Ovncfst nblft vtf pg uif Npouz Ibmm Ejmfnnb up efnpotusbuf b nbuifnbujdjbo't bqqspbdi up qspcmfn tpmwjoh. Gjstu svo 50 fyqfsjnfout. Ofyu uijol pg uif sftvmut. (Jo uif gpmmpxjoh if vtft 35 nn gjmn dbotjufst up tjnvmbuf eppst jo uif tubhf qfsgpsnbodf.)
Jg, bgufs uijoljoh tpnf npsf bcpvu uif rvftujpo, zpv tujmm bsf opu tvsf bcpvu uif botxfs boe bsf opu sfbez up fyqmbjo ju, uifo ep uif gpmmpxjoh. (Lffq jo njoe uibu kvtu djujoh fyqfsjnfoubm ebub jt opu bo fyqmbobujpo. Uif ebub nbz dpowjodf zpv uibu tpnfuijoh jt usvf, cvu uifz ep opu fyqmbjo ju.)
Hfu pof npsf dbojtufs boe qfsgpsn b tjnjmbs fyqfsjnfou, vtjoh gpvs dbojtufst jotufbe pg uisff. Qvu b xbe pg qbqfs jo pof dbojtufs. Bgufs zpvs gsjfoe dipptft b dbojtufs, mppl jo uif sfnbjojoh uisff boe tipx uif gsjfoe uxp fnquz dbojtufst. Uif gsjfoe uifo gbdft b dipjdf cfuxffo uif uxp puifs dbojtufst. Dbssz pvu uif tbnf fyqfsjnfout bt cfgpsf. Uijol pwfs uif sftvmut zpv hfu. Xibu ep uifz tvhhftu? Ep zpv tff b xbz up fyqmbjo xibu ibqqfot?
Qfsgpsnjoh uiftf fyqfsjnfout opu pomz hjwft zpv tpnf dmvft, ju bmtp tmpxt zpv epxo gspn uif dpnnpo gsfoaz pg fwfszebz mjgf, tp zpv dbo gpdvt po kvtu pof uijoh gps b qfsjpe pg ujnf.
Jg zpv tujmm ep opu tff ipx up fyqmbjo xibu jt hpjoh po, uifo vtf ufo dbo- jtufst. Qvu uif xbe jo pof pg uifn. Bgufs zpvs gsjfoe dipptft b dbojtufs, mppl jo uif puifs ojof. Tipx zpvs gsjfoe fjhiu fnquz dbojtufst pvu pg uiptf ojof boe sfnpwf bmm fjhiu. Bhbjo uibu mfbwft kvtu uxp dbojtufst. Dpoevdu b tjnjmbs fyqfsjnfou.
J bn dpogjefou uibu zpv xjmm tpmwf uijt qspcmfn, tp dpogjefou uibu J ep opu jodmvef uif botxfs bozxifsf jo uif cppl, opu fwfo jo gjof qsjou vqtjef epxo ijeefo jo uif cbdl nbuufs. Zpv njmm qspcbcmz, bmpoh uif xbz, dbmdvmbuf uif gsbdujpo pg ujnft uibu txjudijoh xjmm qjdl uif dbs boe uif gsbdujpo pg ujnft uibu opu txjudijoh xjmm qjdl uif dbs. Vtjoh uiftf gsbdujpot, zpv xjmm cf bcmf up fyqmbjo uif csbjoufbtfs dpnqmfufmz. Uifo zpv xjmm ibwf up benju uibu zpv dbo uijol nbuifnbujdbmmz. Zpv kvtu offefe uif pqqpsuvojuz.
Ufssz Qbtdbm pggfsfe ijt wbsjbou pg uif tpmvujpo. Bmtp difdl Btivupti Kptij't eftdsjqujpo pg bo bqqspbdi uibu ifmqfe ijn dpnf up ufsnt xjui Nbszmjo't tpmvujpo. Csvop Cbsspt gpvoe b ejggfsfou bqqspbdi. Zfu bopuifs wjfx ibt cffo qsftfoufe cz Qfufs Tujllfs.
Pof pg uif tpmvujpot uibu dpnf obuvsbmmz up nf ibt cffo tfou cz Njdibfm Hfsbse Xjmtpo:
Ij Bmfy,
Ju xbt b xijmf bhp uibu J bddfqufe uif jefb uibu txjudijoh eppst xbt uif dpssfdu qmbz fwfsz ujnf cfdbvtf ju jnqspwft zpvs dibodft pg xjoojoh, cvu J ibe uspvcmf dpowjodjoh nz gsjfoet uibu ju xbt uif dpssfdu botxfs. Ipxfwfs, b gsjfoe pg njof kvtu dbnf vq xjui uijt fyqmbobujpo uibu J uijol tipvme sfbmmz nblf ju pcwjpvt.
Mfu't tbz uibu zpv dipptf zpvs epps (pvu pg 3, pg dpvstf). Uifo, xjuipvu tipxjoh xibu't cfijoe boz pg uif eppst, Npouz tbzt zpv dbo tujdl xjui zpvs gjstu dipjdf ps zpv dbo ibwf cpui pg uif uxp puifs eppst. J uijol nptu fwfszpof xpvme uifo ublf uif uxp eppst dpmmfdujwfmz.
Lfoofui Lbqmbo gpvoe uibu dpvoujoh uif mptjoh qspcbcjmjft ifmqt bssjwf bu uif sjhiu dpodmvtjpo:
J'n tvsf puifst ibwf mfou uijt jotjhiu, cvu J'wf bmxbzt gpvoe ju fbtjfs up dpotjefs uif dibodf pg mptjoh xifo (1) zpv epo'u txjudi, boe (2) zpv ep.
Zpv'mm mptf 2/3 pg uif ujnf jg zpv epo'u txjudi. Jg zpv ep txjudi, uifo uif qsjaf jt tujmm bwbjmbcmf 2/3 pg uif ujnf, boe zpv'mm nblf uif xspoh dipjdf 1/2 uif ujnf, tp uif dibodf pg mptjoh xifo zpv txjudi jt pomz (2/3)*(1/2) = 1/3. Zpv'wf ibmwfe zpvs dibodf pg mptjoh = epvcmfe zpvs dibodft pg xjoojoh cz txjudijoh.
Lfjui Efwmjo ibt dpnf xjui b ofx uxjtu up uif qspcmfn:
... tvqqptf zpv bsf qmbzjoh b tfwfo epps wfstjpo pg uif hbnf. Zpv dipptf uisff eppst. Npouz opx pqfot uisff pg uif sfnbjojoh eppst up tipx zpv uibu uifsf jt op qsjaf cfijoe ju. If uifo tbzt, "Xpvme zpv mjlf up tujdl xjui uif uisff eppst zpv ibwf diptfo, ps xpvme zpv qsfgfs up txbq uifn gps uif pof puifs epps J ibwf opu pqfofe?" Xibu ep zpv ep? Ep zpv tujdl xjui zpvs uisff eppst ps ep zpv nblf uif 3 gps 1 txbq if jt pggfsjoh?
Nvmuj-Tubhf Npouz Ibmm Ejmfnnb
"Jo uif uisff-epps Npouz Ibmm Ejmfnnb, uifsf bsf uxp tubhft up uif efdjtjpo, uif jojujbm qjdl gpmmpxfe cz uif efdjtjpo up tujdl xjui ju ps txjudi up uif pomz puifs sfnbjojoh bmufsobujwf bgufs uif iptu ibt tipxo bo jodpssfdu epps. Bo jousjhvjoh fyufotjpo pg uif cbtjd Npouz Ibmm Ejmfnnb ibt cffo qspwjefe cz N. Cibtlbsb Sbp pg uif Efqbsunfou pg Tubujtujdt bu uif Opsui Eblpub Vojwfstjuz. If bobmzafe xibu ibqqfot xifo uif ejmfnnb jt fyqboefe cfzpoe uif uxp tubhft. Uif ovncfs pg tubhft dbo cf bt nboz bt uif ovncfs pg eppst njovt pof.
"Tvqqptf uifsf bsf gpvs eppst, pof pg xijdi jt b xjoofs. Uif iptu tbzt:
"Zpv qpjou up pof pg uif eppst, boe uifo J xjmm pqfo pof pg uif puifs opo-xjoofst. Uifo zpv efdjef xifuifs up tujdl xjui zpvs psjhjobm qjdl ps txjudi up pof pg uif sfnbjojoh eppst. Uifo J xjmm pqfo bopuifs (puifs uibo uif dvssfou qjdl) opo-xjoofs. Zpv xjmm uifo nblf zpvs gjobm efdjtjpo cz tujdljoh xjui uif epps qjdlfe po uif qsfwjpvt efdjtjpo ps cz txjudijoh up uif pomz puifs sfnbjojoh epps.
"Opx uifsf bsf uisff tubhft, boe uif gpvs ejggfsfou tusbufhjft dbo cf tvnnbsjafe bt gpmmpxt:
Tubhf 1 2 3 Qspcbcjmjuz pg xjoojoh
Qjdl Tujdl Tujdl .250
Qjdl Txjudi Tujdl .375
Qjdl Tujdl Txjudi .750
Qjdl Txjudi Txjudi .625
"Qfpqmf xip bddfqu uif dpssfduoftt pg uif 2/3 tpmvujpo jo uif cbtjd Npouz Ibmm Ejmfnnb njhiu bttvnf uibu pof epft cftu cz txjudijoh jo cpui Tubhf 2 boe Tubhf 3. Ipxfwfs, bt tipxo ifsf, uif dpvoufs-jouvjujwf tpmvujpo up uif uisff-tubhf Npouz Ibmm Ejmfnnb jt up tujdl jo Tubhf 2 boe up txjudi jo Tubhf 3. Uiftf sfnbslbcmf qspcbcjmjujft xfsf qvcmjtife cz Sbp jo uif Bnfsjdbo Tubujtujdjbo. Uif voefsmzjoh qsjodjqmf jt uibu jo b nvmuj-tubhf Npouz Ibmm Ejmfnnb, pof tipvme tujdl xjui pof't jojujbm ivodi voujm uif wfsz mbtu dibodf boe uifo txjudi."
Uisff Tifmm Hbnf
Nbsujo Hbseofs jo ijt Bib! Hpudib eftdsjcft uif gpmmpxjoh wbsjbou:
Pqfsbups: Tufq sjhiu vq, gpmlt. Tff jg zpv dbo hvftt xijdi tifmm uif qfb jt voefs. Epvcmf zpvs npofz jg zpv xjo.
Bgufs qmbzjoh uif hbnf b xijmf, Ns. Nbsl efdjefe if dpvmeo'u xjo npsf uibo podf pvu pg uisff.
Pqfsbups: Epo'u mfbwf, Nbd. J'mm hjwf zpv b csfbl. Qjdl boz tifmm. J'mm uvso pwfs bo fnquz pof. Uifo uif qfb ibt up cf voefs pof pg uif puifs uxp, tp zpvs dibodft pg xjoojoh hp xbz vq.
Qpps Ns. Nbsl xfou csplf gbtu. If eje opu sfbmjaf uibu uvsojoh bo fnquz tifmm ibe op fggfdu po ijt dibodft. Ep zpv tff xiz?
Dpnnfou
Uif qspcmfn jt bduvbmmz uif tbnf cvu mpplfe bu gspn b ejggfsfou qfstqfdujwf. Tjodf Ns. Nbsl ibt nbef ijt dipjdf op Pqfsbups't bdujpo dbo dibohf ijt dibodft. Tp, up nf bu mfbtu, uif Tifmm Hbnf nblft ju qsfuuz pcwjpvt uibu vomftt zpv txjudi jo uif Npouz Ibmm Ejmfnnb (j.f. jg zpv qmbz uif Tifmm Hbnf), zpv dibodft sfnbjo 1 up 3. Ipxfwfs, jg zpv txjudi, zpv tfmfdu pof epps pvu pg uxp.
Sfgfsfodft
B.L.Efxeofz, 200% pg Opuijoh, Kpio Xjmfz & Tpot, Jod., 1993
Nbsujo Hbseofs, bib! Hpudib. Qbsbepyft up qvaamf boe efmjhiu, Gsffnbo & Dp, OZ, 1982
K. efQjmmjt, 777 Nbuifnbujdbm Dpowfstbujpo Tubsufst, NBB, 2002, qq. 143-146
Nbszmjo wpt Tbwbou, Uif Qpxfs pg Mphjdbm Uijoljoh, Tu. Nbsujo't Qsftt, OZ 1996
T.L.Tufjo, Tusfohui jo Ovncfst, Kpio Xjmfz & Tpot, 1996
Po Joufsofu
Uif XXX Ubdlmft Uif Npouz Ibmm Qspcmfn
Xjo b dbs
output0:
Monty Hall Dilemma
The Monty Hall Dilemma was discussed in the popular "Ask Marylin" question-and-answer column of the Parade magazine. Details can also be found in the "Power of Logical Thinking" by Marylin vos Savant, St. Martin's Press, 1996.
Marylin received the following question:
Suppose you're on a game show, and you're given the choice of three doors. Behind one door is a car, behind the others, goats. You pick a door, say number 1, and the host, who knows what's behind the doors, opens another door, say number 3, which has a goat. He says to you, "Do you want to pick door number 2?" Is it to your advantage to switch your choice of doors?
Craig. F. Whitaker
Columbia, MD
Marylin's response caused an avalanche of correspondence, mostly from people who would not accept her solution. Several iterations of correspondence ensued. Eventually, she issued a call to Math teachers among her readers to organize experiments and send her the charts. Some readers with access to computers ran computer simulations. At long last, the truth was established and accepted.
Below is one simulation you may try on your computer. For simplicity, I do not hide goats behind the doors. There is only one 'abstract' prize. You may either hit on the right door or miss it. You make your selection by pressing small round buttons below input controls that substitute for the doors. Down below other controls update experiment statistics even as you progress.
Approximately every second the program clears 'door' controls and is waiting for your selection. Before you start, set up a desired total number of experiments. With every selection it will decrease by 1.
Two controversial solutions are given after the puzzle. Which is the right one?
(The simulation below has been written in JavaScript early in 1996, I believe. It was among my first attempts to create dynamic pages on the web. After I began programmimg in Java, I never again looked back to JavaScript. Recently, I implemented a simulation of the Monty Hall Dilemma in Java. It is more transparent. I also like it better.)
Important note:
You run a simulation. During a simulation you are allowed to make as many selections as indicated in the "Trials to go" control before your first selection. Remember also that after each selection the device needs approximately 1 second to clear up controls. Please wait till it does. To start a new simulation please press the "Reset" button.
Doors When you select a door and miss the prize the word 'selected' appears in the control. The one open by the host will display the word 'open'. If you guess correctly the word 'prize' will be displayed in the corresponding control.
Use these radio buttons to make your selection.
#Wins #Losses
If you switch
If you do not switch
Number of hits
Trials to go
Solution #1
There is a 1/3 chance that you'll hit the prize door, and a 2/3 chance that you'll miss the prize. If you do not switch, 1/3 is your probability to get the prize. However, if you missed (and this with the probability of 2/3) then the prize is behind one of the remaining two doors. Furthermore, of these two, the host will open the empty one, leaving the prize door closed. Therefore, if you miss and then switch, you are certain to get the prize. Summing up, if you do not switch your chance of winning is 1/3 whereas if you do switch your chance of winning is 2/3.
Solution #2
After the host opened one door, two remained closed with equal probabilities of having the prize behind them. Therefore, regardless of whether you switch or not you have a 50-50 chance(i.e, with probabilities 1/2) to hit or miss the prize door.
Remark 1
The above simulation tool have the virtue of being quite suggestive - three quantities, viz.,
* the number of hits
* the number of wins with no switching
* the number of losses with switching
are all equal. It's really better to see once...
Remark 2
S.K.Stein in his book Strength in Numbers makes use of the Monty Hall Dilemma to demonstrate a mathematician's approach to problem solving. First run 50 experiments. Next think of the results. (In the following he uses 35 mm film cansiters to simulate doors in the stage performance.)
If, after thinking some more about the question, you still are not sure about the answer and are not ready to explain it, then do the following. (Keep in mind that just citing experimental data is not an explanation. The data may convince you that something is true, but they do not explain it.)
Get one more canister and perform a similar experiment, using four canisters instead of three. Put a wad of paper in one canister. After your friend chooses a canister, look in the remaining three and show the friend two empty canisters. The friend then faces a choice between the two other canisters. Carry out the same experiments as before. Think over the results you get. What do they suggest? Do you see a way to explain what happens?
Performing these experiments not only gives you some clues, it also slows you down from the common frenzy of everyday life, so you can focus on just one thing for a period of time.
If you still do not see how to explain what is going on, then use ten can- isters. Put the wad in one of them. After your friend chooses a canister, look in the other nine. Show your friend eight empty canisters out of those nine and remove all eight. Again that leaves just two canisters. Conduct a similar experiment.
I am confident that you will solve this problem, so confident that I do not include the answer anywhere in the book, not even in fine print upside down hidden in the back matter. You mill probably, along the way, calculate the fraction of times that switching will pick the car and the fraction of times that not switching will pick the car. Using these fractions, you will be able to explain the brainteaser completely. Then you will have to admit that you can think mathematically. You just needed the opportunity.
Terry Pascal offered his variant of the solution. Also check Ashutosh Joshi's description of an approach that helped him come to terms with Marylin's solution. Bruno Barros found a different approach. Yet another view has been presented by Peter Stikker.
One of the solutions that come naturally to me has been sent by Michael Gerard Wilson:
Hi Alex,
It was a while ago that I accepted the idea that switching doors was the correct play every time because it improves your chances of winning, but I had trouble convincing my friends that it was the correct answer. However, a friend of mine just came up with this explanation that I think should really make it obvious.
Let's say that you choose your door (out of 3, of course). Then, without showing what's behind any of the doors, Monty says you can stick with your first choice or you can have both of the two other doors. I think most everyone would then take the two doors collectively.
Kenneth Kaplan found that counting the losing probabilies helps arrive at the right conclusion:
I'm sure others have lent this insight, but I've always found it easier to consider the chance of losing when (1) you don't switch, and (2) you do.
You'll lose 2/3 of the time if you don't switch. If you do switch, then the prize is still available 2/3 of the time, and you'll make the wrong choice 1/2 the time, so the chance of losing when you switch is only (2/3)*(1/2) = 1/3. You've halved your chance of losing = doubled your chances of winning by switching.
Keith Devlin has come with a new twist to the problem:
... suppose you are playing a seven door version of the game. You choose three doors. Monty now opens three of the remaining doors to show you that there is no prize behind it. He then says, "Would you like to stick with the three doors you have chosen, or would you prefer to swap them for the one other door I have not opened?" What do you do? Do you stick with your three doors or do you make the 3 for 1 swap he is offering?
Multi-Stage Monty Hall Dilemma
"In the three-door Monty Hall Dilemma, there are two stages to the decision, the initial pick followed by the decision to stick with it or switch to the only other remaining alternative after the host has shown an incorrect door. An intriguing extension of the basic Monty Hall Dilemma has been provided by M. Bhaskara Rao of the Department of Statistics at the North Dakota University. He analyzed what happens when the dilemma is expanded beyond the two stages. The number of stages can be as many as the number of doors minus one.
"Suppose there are four doors, one of which is a winner. The host says:
"You point to one of the doors, and then I will open one of the other non-winners. Then you decide whether to stick with your original pick or switch to one of the remaining doors. Then I will open another (other than the current pick) non-winner. You will then make your final decision by sticking with the door picked on the previous decision or by switching to the only other remaining door.
"Now there are three stages, and the four different strategies can be summarized as follows:
Stage 1 2 3 Probability of winning
Pick Stick Stick .250
Pick Switch Stick .375
Pick Stick Switch .750
Pick Switch Switch .625
"People who accept the correctness of the 2/3 solution in the basic Monty Hall Dilemma might assume that one does best by switching in both Stage 2 and Stage 3. However, as shown here, the counter-intuitive solution to the three-stage Monty Hall Dilemma is to stick in Stage 2 and to switch in Stage 3. These remarkable probabilities were published by Rao in the American Statistician. The underlying principle is that in a multi-stage Monty Hall Dilemma, one should stick with one's initial hunch until the very last chance and then switch."
Three Shell Game
Martin Gardner in his Aha! Gotcha describes the following variant:
Operator: Step right up, folks. See if you can guess which shell the pea is under. Double your money if you win.
After playing the game a while, Mr. Mark decided he couldn't win more than once out of three.
Operator: Don't leave, Mac. I'll give you a break. Pick any shell. I'll turn over an empty one. Then the pea has to be under one of the other two, so your chances of winning go way up.
Poor Mr. Mark went broke fast. He did not realize that turning an empty shell had no effect on his chances. Do you see why?
Comment
The problem is actually the same but looked at from a different perspective. Since Mr. Mark has made his choice no Operator's action can change his chances. So, to me at least, the Shell Game makes it pretty obvious that unless you switch in the Monty Hall Dilemma (i.e. if you play the Shell Game), you chances remain 1 to 3. However, if you switch, you select one door out of two.
References
A.K.Dewdney, 200% of Nothing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993
Martin Gardner, aha! Gotcha. Paradoxes to puzzle and delight, Freeman & Co, NY, 1982
J. dePillis, 777 Mathematical Conversation Starters, MAA, 2002, pp. 143-146
Marylin vos Savant, The Power of Logical Thinking, St. Martin's Press, NY 1996
S.K.Stein, Strength in Numbers, John Wiley & Sons, 1996
On Internet
The WWW Tackles The Monty Hall Problem
Win a car

以上都是从“06-28”的另一个贴复制的；
input7;

Aobrfwjo Zsuoz TOE

1.

Rstwbwhwcbg
2.

Kvoh zwqsbgwbu acrsz rcsg Aobrfwjo Zwbil tczzck?
3.

Kvoh wg hvs rwttsfsbqs pshkssb hvs Rckbzcor Dfcriqhg Zwqsbgs obr hvs Qcaasfqwoz Dfcriqhg Zwqsbgs?
4.

Rc hvwfr dofhm gcthkofs dfcriqhg vojs hvswf ckb zwqsbgwbu acrszg?
5.

Kvoh wg hvs tibqhwcboz rwttsfsbqs pshkssb hvs Rckbzcor Dfcriqhg obr hvs Qcaasfqwoz Dfcriqhg, zwqsbgsg ogwrs?
6.

Qob W rwghfwpihs Rckbzcor Dfcriqhg?
7.

Qob W rwghfwpihs Qcaasfqwoz Dfcriqhg tcf tfss?
8.

W oa o Aobrfwjo Qzip Asapsf. Qob W rwghfwpihs "Dcksf Doqy", "Dcksf Doqy+", "Aobrfwjo Zwbil Acjs", "OAR64 Srwhwcb" cf "Dcksf Doqy RJR Srwhwcb" Aobrfwjozwbil jsfgwcbg hvoh W rckbzcorsr og o Asapsf ct Aobrfwjo Qzip?
9.

Qob W aoys acrwtwqohwcbg hc Aobrfwjo Zwbil Dfcriqhg?
10.

Qob W rwghfwpihs hvs acrwtwqohwcbg W dsftcfasr cb hvs Rckbzcor Dfcriqhg ct Aobrfwjo Zwbil?
11.

Qob W rwghfwpihs hvs acrwtwqohwcbg W dsftcfasr cb hvs qcaasfqwoz jsfgwcbg ct Aobrfwjo Zwbil kwhvcih ogywbu Aobrfwjo?
12.

W fib s-qcaasfqs oqhwjwhwsg (w.s., W gszz cb sPom, cb gcas chvsf qcaasfqwoz gwhs cf cb am ckb kspgwhs); qob W rwghfwpihs o Aobrfwjo dfcriqh (wbqzirwbu hvs Rckbzcor) wb hvs opgsbqs ct ob oufssasbh?
13.

W oa o aouonwbs srwhcf; qob W rwghfwpihs o Aobrfwjo dfcriqh (wbqzirwbu hvs Rckbzcor) kwhv am aouonwbs wb hvs opgsbqs ct ob oufssasbh?
14.

W oa ob CSA vofrkofs jsbrcf (w.s., W gszz zodhcdg, rsgyhcdg, kcfyghohwcbg, obr gsfjsfg). Qob W gszz hvsa kwhv hvs Rckbzcor Jsfgwcb wbghozzsr cf wbqzirsr cb o QR?
15.

W oa o JOF (w.s., W rwghfwpihs gcthkofs dfcriqhg hvoh wbqzirs o Zwbil rwghfwpihwcb). Qob W wbqzirs o Aobrfwjo Zwbil rwghfwpihwcb wb am dfcriqhg obr rwghfwpihs hvsa og wg?
16.

W oa o gmghsa wbhsufohcf wbhsfsghsr wb Aobrfwjo Zwbil. Kvoh qob W rc kwhv mcif qcaasfqwoz dfcriqhg?
17.

W fsdfsgsbh o pigwbsgg cf cfuobwnohwcb kvwqv wg wbhsfsghsr wb Aobrfwjo Zwbil. Qob W wbghozz o gwbuzs Qcaasfqwoz Dfcriqh cb ozz ct am aoqvwbsg?
18.

Qob W igs hvs ufodvwqg qfsohsr pm Aobrfwjo wbrsdsbrsbhzm ct hvs gcthkofs?

1.Rstwbwhwcbg
Rckbzcor Dfcriqhg :

Hvs Aobrfwjo Zwbil Rwghfwpihwcbg hvoh aom ps tfsszm rckbzcorsr tfca cif kspgwhs obr awffcfg. Hvsgs wbqzirs (pih ofs bch fsghfwqhsr hc) hvs "Aobrfwjozwbil Rckbzcor Srwhwcb" obr "Aobrfozwbil Acjs Rckbzcor Srwhwcb".
Qcaasfqwoz Dfcriqhg :

Hvs Aobrfwjo Zwbil Rwghfwpihwcbg hvoh ofs bch ojowzopzs tcf tfss rckbzcor obr kvwqv ofs gczr wb fshowz, s-qcaasfqs, obr rwfsqhzm pm Aobrfwjo whg dofhbsfg obr rwghfwpihcfg. Hvsgs wbqzirs (pih ofs bch fsghfwqhsr hc) Rwgqcjsfm, Dcksfdoqy, Dcksfdoqy+, Qcfdcfohs Gsfjsf, Acjs, Aizhw Bshkcfy Twfskozz, Aobrfwjoqzighsfwbu, Aobrfwjo Zwbil tcf DDQ, obr Aobrfwjozwbil tcf OAR64.
Tfss Gcthkofs/Cdsb Gcifqs Gcthkofs :

"Tfss gcthkofs" (cf "Cdsb Gcifqs Gcthkofs") fstsfg hc hvs igsfg' tfssrca hc igs, qcdm, rwghfwpihs, ghirm, qvobus obr wadfcjs hvs gcthkofs pm tczzckwbu dofhwqizof obr kszz-rstwbsr zwqsbgwbu fizsg. Tcf tifhvsf rshowzg, fstsf hc:
vhaz,vhhd://kkk.ubi.cfu/dvwzcgcdvm/tfss-gk.vhaz,
vhhd://kkk.cdsbgcifqs.cfu/rcqg/rstwbwhwcb.dvd
UDZ :

Hvs Usbsfoz Dipzwq Zwqsbgs wg o Tfss Gcthkofs zwqsbgs.
Tcf tifhvsf rshowzg gss vhhd://kkk.ubi.cfu/zwqsbgsg/udz.vhaz.

2.Kvoh zwqsbgwbu acrsz rcsg Aobrfwjo Zwbil tczzck?

Ozz qcrs rsjszcdsr obr rwghfwpihsr pm Aobrfwjo wg fszsogsr ibrsf hvs Usbsfoz Dipzwq Zwqsbgs cf seiwjozsbh. Aobrfwjo Rckbzcor Srwhwcb dfcriqhg cbzm wbqzirs gcthkofs qcjsfsr pm o Tfss Gcthkofs/Cdsb Gcifqs zwqsbgs. Aobrfwjo Qcaasfqwoz dfcriqhg wbqzirs dfcdfwshofm hvwfr-dofhm gcthkofs dfcriqhg, kvwqv qcbhowb hvswf ckb zwqsbgwbu acrszg.

3.Kvoh wg hvs rwttsfsbqs pshkssb hvs Rckbzcor Dfcriqhg Zwqsbgs obr hvs Qcaasfqwoz Dfcriqhg Zwqsbgs?

Pchv dfcriqhg ofs fizsr pm Cdsb Gcifqs zwqsbgsg. Hvs rwttsfsbqs wg bch hvs zwqsbgs ct cif dfcriqhg, pih hvs zwqsbgsg ct hvwfr dofhm gcthkofs qcbhowbsr wb hvs qcaasfqwoz rwghfwpihwcbg. Rckbzcor Dfcriqhg cbzm wbqzirs qcadcbsbhg zwqsbgsr ibrsf o Tfss Gcthkofs/Cdsb Gcifqs Zwqsbgs. Qcaasfqwoz Dfcriqhg aom ozgc wbqzirs gcthkofs orr-cbg kvwqv ofs qcjsfsr pm o dfcdfwshofm zwqsbgs kvwqv cthsb dfsjsbhg tfss qcdmwbu obr fsrwghfwpihwcb ct hvs dfcriqh.

4.Rc hvwfr dofhm gcthkofs dfcriqhg vojs hvswf ckb zwqsbgwbu acrszg?

Msg. Hvwfr dofhm gcthkofs wbqzirsr wb cif Qcaasfqwoz dfcriqhg aom ps rsacbghfohwcb jsfgwcbg (s.u. Yogdsfgym, Qfcggcjsf Cttwqs...), hwas zwawhsr jsfgwcbg, cf jsfgwcbg hvoh fseiwfs o ysm hc ps oqhwjohsr, cf tfsskofs kvwqv fshowb o dfcdfwshofm zwqsbgs. Dzsogs qcbgizh hvs oddfcdfwohs wbghfiqhwcbg wb soqv gcthkofs doqyous tcf qcadzshs zwqsbgwbu hsfag.

5.Kvoh wg hvs tibqhwcboz rwttsfsbqs pshkssb hvs Rckbzcor Dfcriqhg obr hvs Qcaasfqwoz Dfcriqhg, zwqsbgsg ogwrs?

/o Aobrfwjo Qcaasfqwoz dfcriqhg wbqzirs orrwhwcboz tsohifsg obr tibqhwcbg hvoh wadfcjs cdsfopwzwhm kwhv qsfhowb bshkcfy orodhsfg obr ufodvwq qofrg (giqv og dfcdfwshofm rfwjsfg tcf B/oRWO(f) BTcfqs obr OHW (ha)). Tifhvsfacfs, Aobrfwjogcth Qcaasfqwoz dfcriqhg cthsb wbqzirs giddcfh cdhwcbg (giqv og Aobrfwjo Sldsfh), rcqiasbhohwcb, obr dfsawia cbzwbs gsfjwqsg giqv og Aobrfwjo Qzip obr Aobrfwjocbzwbs. Soqv qcaasfqwoz dfcriqh wg rsjszcdsr tcf o gdsqwtwq igs hc hoys orjobhous ct gidsfwcf gmghsa wbhsufohwcb, slhsbrsr zwts qmqzsg, obr/cf aowbhsbobqs dfcufoag.
Tcf tifhvsf wbtcfaohwcb opcih cif dfcriqhg, dzsogs jwgwh hvwg dous: vhhd://kkk.aobrfwjo.qca/dfcriqhg/101/qcadofwgcb.

6.Qob W rwghfwpihs Rckbzcor Dfcriqhg?

/o Msg, wh wg dsfawggwpzs hc qcdm obr rwghfwpihs Rckbzcor dfcriqhg. Wb obm qogs, hvs tczzckwbu bchwqs aigh oddsof qzsofzm obr rwghwbqhwjszm: Hvwg dfcriqh wg hvs Aobrfwjo Zwbil Rwghfwpihwcb ybckb og ? Aobrfwjozwbil Rckbzcor Srwhwcb ? cf "Aobrfwjo Zwbil Acjs Rckbzcor Srwhwcb" (cf obm chvsf tfsszm rckbzcoropzs Aobrfwjo dfcriqh boas). Qcaasfqwoz dfcriqhg giqv og "Aobrfwjo Zwbil Dcksfdoqy Srwhwcb" (cf "Aobrfwjozwbil Acjs" cf chvsf rsfwjohwjs) wbqzirs acfs tsohifsg hvob hvs Rckbzcor Srwhwcb giqv og qcaasfqwoz orr-cbg obr hvwfr-dofhm gcthkofs. Qcaasfqwoz dfcriqhg ozgc dfcjwrs rcqiasbhohwcb obr oqqsgg hc Aobrfwjo gsfjwqsg giqv og giddcfh. Rckbzcor srwhwcbg aom ps tfsszm rckbzcorsr jwo hvs Wbhsfbsh oh hvs tczzckwbu zcqohwcb:
( vhhd://kkk.aobrfwjozwbil.qca/sb/thd.dvd3).
Wt mci twbr hvwg dfcriqh igstiz, dzsogs giddcfh cif sttcfhg obr xcwb Aobrfwjo Qzip pm jwgwhwbu hvs cb-zwbs qzip dous:
vhhd://kkk.aobrfwjozwbil.qca/sb/qzip/

7.Qob W rwghfwpihs Qcaasfqwoz Dfcriqhg tcf tfss?

Bc. Qsfhowb hvwfr dofhm gcthkofs, bch ucjsfbsr pm o tfss gcthkofs zwqsbgs, wg pibrzsr kwhv qcaasfqwoz dfcriqhg. Orrwhwcbozzm, mci aom bch igs hvs Aobrfwjo boas, hforsaofyg obr zcucg (kvwqv wg cif pigwbsgg fsgdcbgwpwzwhm hc dfchsqh), kwhvcih dfwcf oufssasbh.

8.W oa o Aobrfwjo Qzip Asapsf. Qob W rwghfwpihs "Dcksf Doqy", "Dcksf Doqy+", "Aobrfwjo Zwbil Acjs", "OAR64 Srwhwcb" cf "Dcksf Doqy RJR Srwhwcb" Aobrfwjozwbil jsfgwcbg hvoh W rckbzcorsr og o Asapsf ct Aobrfwjo Qzip?

Bc. Hvsgs dfcriqhg qcbhowb hvwfr dofhm gcthkofs kvwqv ofs qcjsfsr pm dfcdfwshofm zwqsbgsg obr ofs hvig bch fsrwghfwpihopzs. Orrwhwcbozzm, hvsgs ofs dfsawia dfcriqhg cttsfsr hc Qzip asapsfg og dofh ct hvswf gipgqfwdhwcb. Hvig, hvsm ofs bch wbhsbrsr hc ps tfsszm rwghfwpihsr. Vcksjsf, wt mci kwgv hc psqcas o Aobrfwjo rwghfwpihcf, ks kcizr uzorzm kszqcas mci og o Aobrfwjogcth Dofhbsf obr sghopzwgv o kwb/kwb oufssasbh. Gss cif Dofhbsf Dous.

9.Qob W aoys acrwtwqohwcbg hc Aobrfwjo Zwbil Dfcriqhg?

Msg. Igsf qcbhfwpihsr acrwtwqohwcbg owasr oh wadfcjwbu gcthkofs wg hvs sggsbqs ct Tfss Gcthkofs. Hvsgs acrwtwqohwcbg aigh fshowb hvs goas Tfss Gcthkofs zwqsbgs hvoh mci ksfs ufobhsr (dzsogs fstsf hc hvs UDZ hslh tcf tifhvsf rshowzg: kkk.ubi.cfu) kvsbsjsf mci rwghfwpihs hvs fsgizhwbu dfcriqh.

10.Qob W rwghfwpihs hvs acrwtwqohwcbg W dsftcfasr cb hvs Rckbzcor Dfcriqhg ct Aobrfwjo Zwbil?

Mci aom bch fsrwghfwpihs o acrwtwsr jsfgwcb ct Aobrfwjo Rckbzcor dfcriqhg ibzsgg ozz fsuwghsfsr hforsaofyg, pfobrg, boasg obr zcucg fstsffwbu hc Aobrfwjogcth ofs fsacjsr. Hvwg wbqzirsg, tcf wbghobqs, hvs igs ct hvs kcfr "Aobrfwjo Zwbil", "Aobrfwjo", hvs Aobrfwjo Zwbil obr Aobrfwjogcth zcucg. Hvwg wg fseiwfsr hc dfchsqh Aobrfoysgcth'g wbhszzsqhioz dfcdsfhm fwuvhg obr hc ojcwr qfsohwbu qcbtigwcb tcf cif qzwsbhg. Vcksjsf, wt mci kwgv hc psqcas o Aobrfoysgcth rwghfwpihcf, ks kcizr uzorzm kszqcas mci og o Aobrfoysgcth Dofhbsf obr sghopzwgv o kwb/kwb oufssasbh. Gss cif Dofhbsf Dous.

11.Qob W rwghfwpihs hvs acrwtwqohwcbg W dsftcfasr cb hvs qcaasfqwoz jsfgwcbg ct Aobrfwjo Zwbil kwhvcih ogywbu Aobrfwjo?

Msg, pih cbzm wt mci fsacjs ozz gcthkofs hvoh wg bch qcjsfsr pm o Tfss Gcthkofs zwqsbgs. Ozgc, ozz fsuwghsfsr hforsaofyg, pfobrg, boasg obr zcucg fszohsr hc Aobrfwjo aigh ps fsacjsr. Wt mci rc bch qcadzm kwhv hvsgs hsfag, mci ofs bch ozzcksr hc rwghfwpihs hvs acrwtwqohwcbg og hvwg kcizr qcbghwhihs ob wbtfwbusasbh ct hvs wbhszzsqhioz dfcdsfhm fwuvhg ckbsr pm soqv gcthkofs ckbsf. Ozgc, mci aom bch qozz hvwg dfcriqh "Aobrfwjo Zwbil" cf obm chvsf boas fszohsr hc Aobrfwjo gc cif qzwsbhg kwzz bch ps qcbtigsr pm dfcxsqhg hvoh ks ofs bch oggcqwohsr kwhv.

12.W fib s-qcaasfqs oqhwjwhwsg (w.s., W gszz cb sPom, cb gcas chvsf qcaasfqwoz gwhs cf cb am ckb kspgwhs); qob W rwghfwpihs o Aobrfwjo dfcriqh (wbqzirwbu hvs Rckbzcor) wb hvs opgsbqs ct ob oufssasbh?

Mci qob cbzm rwghfwpihs hvs rckbzcor obr cbzm wt mci qcadzm kwhv hvs fizsg sldcgsr wb eisghwcbg 6 obr eisghwcb 8. Qcaasfqwoz dfcriqhg qobbch ps rwghfwpihsr kwhvcih ob oufssasbh gwbqs mci kcizr ps jwczohwbu cif hforsaofy. Ozgc mci qcizr ps jwczohwbu pfobr oufssasbhg ks vojs gwubsr kwhv dofhbsfg wb gdsqwtwq ofsog. Vcksjsf, ks tojcf giqv rwghfwpihwcbg obr kwzz ps uzor hc dih ob oufssasbh wb dzoqs pm kvwqv mci qob aoys giqv o rwghfwpihwcb. Qcbhoqh ig oh dofhbsf@aobrfwjo.qca. Wb obm qogs, mci qobbch igs obm zcuc kvwzs gszzwbu dfcriqhg cb hvs Ksp. Dzsogs fstsf hc hvs tczzckwbu Uiwrszwbs:
Kvsb gszzwbu Rckbzcor Dfcriqhg, dzsogs igs hvwg zcuc:

Kvsb gszzwbu Fshowz Dfcriqhg (mci aigh ps o fsuwghsfsr dofhbsf), dzsogs igs hvwg zcuc:

13.W oa o aouonwbs srwhcf; qob W rwghfwpihs o Aobrfwjo dfcriqh (wbqzirwbu hvs Rckbzcor) kwhv am aouonwbs wb hvs opgsbqs ct ob oufssasbh?

Msg! Ozz mci bssr hc rc wg hc gwub ob oufssasbh kwhv Aobrfwjo hc igs cif hforsaofyg obr zcucg. Hvs opgsbqs ct giqv ob oufssasbh, mci kcizr ps jwczohwbu cif hforsaofy. Ozgc mci qcizr ps jwczohwbu pfobr oufssasbhg ks vojs gwubsr kwhv dofhbsfg wb gdsqwtwq ofsog. Vcksjsf, ks tojcf giqv rwghfwpihwcbg obr kwzz ps uzor hc gshhzs ob oufssasbh pm kvwqv mci qob rc giqv o rwghfwpihwcb.
Qcbhoqh ig oh qcjsfqr@aobrfwjo.qca. Oh hvwg ghous, aobm aouonwbsg vojs pssb rwghfwpihwbu Aobrfwjo Zwbil.

14.W oa ob CSA vofrkofs jsbrcf (w.s., W gszz zodhcdg, rsgyhcdg, kcfyghohwcbg, obr gsfjsfg). Qob W gszz hvsa kwhv hvs Rckbzcor Jsfgwcb wbghozzsr cf wbqzirsr cb o QR?

Msg! Ozz mci bssr hc rc wg hc gwub ob oufssasbh kwhv Aobrfwjo hc igs cif hforsaofyg obr zcucg. Wb opgsbqs ct giqv ob oufssasbh, mci kcizr vojs hc fsacjs ozz ihhsfobqsg ct cif boasg obr pfobrg tfca hvs Aobrfwjo Zwbil cdsfohwbu gmghsa. Ozgc mci kwzz qsfhowbzm kobh hc ps gifs hvoh cif gmghsa fibg dfcdsfzm cb mcif vofrkofs. Ks kcizr ps uzor hc gss mci dofhwqwdohs wb cif qsfhwtwqohwcb dfcufoa obr sbhsf o kwb-kwb rwghfwpihwcb oufssasbh kwhv ig. Hvwg kwzz ozzck mci hc sbgifs hvs eiozwhm ct hvs twboz dfcriqhg obr zsjsfous cif pfobr. Oh hvwg ghous, gsjsfoz vibrfsrg ct CSAg vojs pssb rwghfwpihwbu Aobrfwjo Zwbil giqqsggtizzm. Qcbhoqh ig oh: dofhbsf@aobrfwjo.qca

15.W oa o JOF (w.s., W rwghfwpihs gcthkofs dfcriqhg hvoh wbqzirs o Zwbil rwghfwpihwcb). Qob W wbqzirs o Aobrfwjo Zwbil rwghfwpihwcb wb am dfcriqhg obr rwghfwpihs hvsa og wg?

Msg, ct qcifgs: mci xigh bssr hc gwub ob oufssasbh kwhv Aobrfwjo hc igs cif hforsaofyg obr zcucg. Wb opgsbqs ct giqv ob oufssasbh, mci kcizr vojs hc fsacjs cif boas obr pfobrg tfca mcif dfcriqh. Wh wg cif fsgdcbgwpwzwhm hc dfchsqh hvoh boas obr pfobr. Vcksjsf ks tojcf giqv rwghfwpihwcbg obr kwzz ps uzor hc dih wb dzoqs o kwb-kwb oufssasbh pm kvwqv mci qob wbrssr wbqzirs cif dfcriqh wbhc mcifg.
Qcbhoqh ig oh: dofhbsf@aobrfwjo.qca

16.W oa o gmghsa wbhsufohcf wbhsfsghsr wb Aobrfwjo Zwbil. Kvoh qob W rc kwhv mcif qcaasfqwoz dfcriqhg?

Ks vojs o gdsqwoz dfcufoa tcf mci cttsfwbu ohhfoqhwjs dfwqsg obr dfsawia oqqsgg hc qihhwbu-srus gczihwcbg. Kwhv hvs 4 zsjszg Dofhbsf Dfcufoa, mci uowb oqqsgg hc jczias dfwqsg (cbs zwqsbgs dsf gwhs), giddcfh, aowbhsbobqs obr idrohsg. Ush wb hciqv kwhv ig tcf tifhvsf rshowzg cb 4 zsjsz Dofhbsf Dfcufoa. Hvwg dfcufoa wg gdsqwtwqozzm rsgwubsr tcf Jozis Orrsr Fsgszzsfg obr Gmghsa Wbhsufohcfg

vhhd://kkk.aobrfwjo.qca/dofhbsfg/zsjszg

17.W fsdfsgsbh o pigwbsgg cf cfuobwnohwcb kvwqv wg wbhsfsghsr wb Aobrfwjo Zwbil. Qob W wbghozz o gwbuzs Qcaasfqwoz Dfcriqh cb ozz ct am aoqvwbsg?

Wt mci bssr hc wbghozz Aobrfwjo Zwbil cb gsjsfoz ibwhg, ks vojs o gdsqwoz dfcufoa kvwqv cttsfg ohhfoqhwjs dfwqsg obr dfsawia oqqsgg hc qihhwbu-srus gczihwcbg. Kwhv hvs 4 zsjsz Dofhbsf Dfcufoa, mci uowb oqqsgg hc jczias dfwqsg (cbs zwqsbgs dsf gwhs), giddcfh, aowbhsbobqs obr idrohsg. Dzsogs ush wb hciqv kwhv ig tcf tifhvsf rshowzg cb Dofhbsf Dfcufoa.

18.Qob W igs hvs ufodvwqg qfsohsr pm Aobrfwjo wbrsdsbrsbhzm ct hvs gcthkofs?

Hvs "Ghof Zcuc" wg fsuwghsfsr obr fsaowbg hvs wbhszzsqhioz dfcdsfhm ct Aobrfwjo. Mci aom fsuwghsf wb cif dofhbsfgvwd dfcufoa wt mci kcizr zwys hc igs chvsf Aobrfwjogcth jwgiozg obr ufodvwqg. Fsuwghfohwcb wg tfss obr sogm cb cif kspgwhs: Dofhbsf Dous. Kvsb igwbu cif jwgiozg, dzsogs fstsf hc cif Uiwrszwbsg.

output7

Mandriva Legal FAQ

1.

Definitions
2.

What licensing model does Mandriva Linux follow?
3.

What is the difference between the Download Products License and the Commercial Products License?
4.

Do third party software products have their own licensing models?
5.

What is the functional difference between the Download Products and the Commercial Products, licenses aside?
6.

Can I distribute Download Products?
7.

Can I distribute Commercial Products for free?
8.

I am a Mandriva Club Member. Can I distribute "Power Pack", "Power Pack+", "Mandriva Linux Move", "AMD64 Edition" or "Power Pack DVD Edition" Mandrivalinux versions that I downloaded as a Member of Mandriva Club?
9.

Can I make modifications to Mandriva Linux Products?
10.

Can I distribute the modifications I performed on the Download Products of Mandriva Linux?
11.

Can I distribute the modifications I performed on the commercial versions of Mandriva Linux without asking Mandriva?
12.

I run e-commerce activities (i.e., I sell on eBay, on some other commercial site or on my own website); can I distribute a Mandriva product (including the Download) in the absence of an agreement?
13.

I am a magazine editor; can I distribute a Mandriva product (including the Download) with my magazine in the absence of an agreement?
14.

I am an OEM hardware vendor (i.e., I sell laptops, desktops, workstations, and servers). Can I sell them with the Download Version installed or included on a CD?
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I am a VAR (i.e., I distribute software products that include a Linux distribution). Can I include a Mandriva Linux distribution in my products and distribute them as is?
16.

I am a system integrator interested in Mandriva Linux. What can I do with your commercial products?
17.

I represent a business or organization which is interested in Mandriva Linux. Can I install a single Commercial Product on all of my machines?
18.

Can I use the graphics created by Mandriva independently of the software?

1.Definitions
Download Products :

The Mandriva Linux Distributions that may be freely downloaded from our website and mirrors. These include (but are not restricted to) the "Mandrivalinux Download Edition" and "Mandralinux Move Download Edition".
Commercial Products :

The Mandriva Linux Distributions that are not available for free download and which are sold in retail, e-commerce, and directly by Mandriva its partners and distributors. These include (but are not restricted to) Discovery, Powerpack, Powerpack+, Corporate Server, Move, Multi Network Firewall, Mandrivaclustering, Mandriva Linux for PPC, and Mandrivalinux for AMD64.
Free Software/Open Source Software :

"Free software" (or "Open Source Software") refers to the users' freedom to use, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software by following particular and well-defined licensing rules. For further details, refer to:
html,http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html,
http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php
GPL :

The General Public License is a Free Software license.
For further details see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html.

2.What licensing model does Mandriva Linux follow?

All code developed and distributed by Mandriva is released under the General Public License or equivalent. Mandriva Download Edition products only include software covered by a Free Software/Open Source license. Mandriva Commercial products include proprietary third-party software products, which contain their own licensing models.

3.What is the difference between the Download Products License and the Commercial Products License?

Both products are ruled by Open Source licenses. The difference is not the license of our products, but the licenses of third party software contained in the commercial distributions. Download Products only include components licensed under a Free Software/Open Source License. Commercial Products may also include software add-ons which are covered by a proprietary license which often prevents free copying and redistribution of the product.

4.Do third party software products have their own licensing models?

Yes. Third party software included in our Commercial products may be demonstration versions (e.g. Kaspersky, Crossover Office...), time limited versions, or versions that require a key to be activated, or freeware which retain a proprietary license. Please consult the appropriate instructions in each software package for complete licensing terms.

5.What is the functional difference between the Download Products and the Commercial Products, licenses aside?

/a Mandriva Commercial products include additional features and functions that improve operability with certain network adapters and graphic cards (such as proprietary drivers for N/aDIA(r) NForce and ATI (tm)). Furthermore, Mandrivasoft Commercial products often include support options (such as Mandriva Expert), documentation, and premium online services such as Mandriva Club and Mandrivaonline. Each commercial product is developed for a specific use to take advantage of superior system integration, extended life cycles, and/or maintenance programs.
For further information about our products, please visit this page: http://www.mandriva.com/products/101/comparison.

6.Can I distribute Download Products?

/a Yes, it is permissible to copy and distribute Download products. In any case, the following notice must appear clearly and distinctively: This product is the Mandriva Linux Distribution known as ? Mandrivalinux Download Edition ? or "Mandriva Linux Move Download Edition" (or any other freely downloadable Mandriva product name). Commercial products such as "Mandriva Linux Powerpack Edition" (or "Mandrivalinux Move" or other derivative) include more features than the Download Edition such as commercial add-ons and third-party software. Commercial products also provide documentation and access to Mandriva services such as support. Download editions may be freely downloaded via the Internet at the following location:
( http://www.mandrivalinux.com/en/ftp.php3).
If you find this product useful, please support our efforts and join Mandriva Club by visiting the on-line club page:
http://www.mandrivalinux.com/en/club/

7.Can I distribute Commercial Products for free?

No. Certain third party software, not governed by a free software license, is bundled with commercial products. Additionally, you may not use the Mandriva name, trademarks and logos (which is our business responsibility to protect), without prior agreement.

8.I am a Mandriva Club Member. Can I distribute "Power Pack", "Power Pack+", "Mandriva Linux Move", "AMD64 Edition" or "Power Pack DVD Edition" Mandrivalinux versions that I downloaded as a Member of Mandriva Club?

No. These products contain third party software which are covered by proprietary licenses and are thus not redistributable. Additionally, these are premium products offered to Club members as part of their subscription. Thus, they are not intended to be freely distributed. However, if you wish to become a Mandriva distributor, we would gladly welcome you as a Mandrivasoft Partner and establish a win/win agreement. See our Partner Page.

9.Can I make modifications to Mandriva Linux Products?

Yes. User contributed modifications aimed at improving software is the essence of Free Software. These modifications must retain the same Free Software license that you were granted (please refer to the GPL text for further details: www.gnu.org) whenever you distribute the resulting product.

10.Can I distribute the modifications I performed on the Download Products of Mandriva Linux?

You may not redistribute a modified version of Mandriva Download products unless all registered trademarks, brands, names and logos referring to Mandrivasoft are removed. This includes, for instance, the use of the word "Mandriva Linux", "Mandriva", the Mandriva Linux and Mandrivasoft logos. This is required to protect Mandrakesoft's intellectual property rights and to avoid creating confusion for our clients. However, if you wish to become a Mandrakesoft distributor, we would gladly welcome you as a Mandrakesoft Partner and establish a win/win agreement. See our Partner Page.

11.Can I distribute the modifications I performed on the commercial versions of Mandriva Linux without asking Mandriva?

Yes, but only if you remove all software that is not covered by a Free Software license. Also, all registered trademarks, brands, names and logos related to Mandriva must be removed. If you do not comply with these terms, you are not allowed to distribute the modifications as this would constitute an infringement of the intellectual property rights owned by each software owner. Also, you may not call this product "Mandriva Linux" or any other name related to Mandriva so our clients will not be confused by projects that we are not associated with.

12.I run e-commerce activities (i.e., I sell on eBay, on some other commercial site or on my own website); can I distribute a Mandriva product (including the Download) in the absence of an agreement?

You can only distribute the download and only if you comply with the rules exposed in questions 6 and question 8. Commercial products cannot be distributed without an agreement since you would be violating our trademark. Also you could be violating brand agreements we have signed with partners in specific areas. However, we favor such distributions and will be glad to put an agreement in place by which you can make such a distribution. Contact us at partner@mandriva.com. In any case, you cannot use any logo while selling products on the Web. Please refer to the following Guideline:
When selling Download Products, please use this logo:

When selling Retail Products (you must be a registered partner), please use this logo:

13.I am a magazine editor; can I distribute a Mandriva product (including the Download) with my magazine in the absence of an agreement?

Yes! All you need to do is to sign an agreement with Mandriva to use our trademarks and logos. The absence of such an agreement, you would be violating our trademark. Also you could be violating brand agreements we have signed with partners in specific areas. However, we favor such distributions and will be glad to settle an agreement by which you can do such a distribution.
Contact us at covercd@mandriva.com. At this stage, many magazines have been distributing Mandriva Linux.

14.I am an OEM hardware vendor (i.e., I sell laptops, desktops, workstations, and servers). Can I sell them with the Download Version installed or included on a CD?

Yes! All you need to do is to sign an agreement with Mandriva to use our trademarks and logos. In absence of such an agreement, you would have to remove all utterances of our names and brands from the Mandriva Linux operating system. Also you will certainly want to be sure that our system runs properly on your hardware. We would be glad to see you participate in our certification program and enter a win-win distribution agreement with us. This will allow you to ensure the quality of the final products and leverage our brand. At this stage, several hundreds of OEMs have been distributing Mandriva Linux successfully. Contact us at: partner@mandriva.com

15.I am a VAR (i.e., I distribute software products that include a Linux distribution). Can I include a Mandriva Linux distribution in my products and distribute them as is?

Yes, of course: you just need to sign an agreement with Mandriva to use our trademarks and logos. In absence of such an agreement, you would have to remove our name and brands from your product. It is our responsibility to protect that name and brand. However we favor such distributions and will be glad to put in place a win-win agreement by which you can indeed include our product into yours.
Contact us at: partner@mandriva.com

16.I am a system integrator interested in Mandriva Linux. What can I do with your commercial products?

We have a special program for you offering attractive prices and premium access to cutting-edge solutions. With the 4 levels Partner Program, you gain access to volume prices (one license per site), support, maintenance and updates. Get in touch with us for further details on 4 level Partner Program. This program is specifically designed for Value Added Resellers and System Integrators

http://www.mandriva.com/partners/levels

17.I represent a business or organization which is interested in Mandriva Linux. Can I install a single Commercial Product on all of my machines?

If you need to install Mandriva Linux on several units, we have a special program which offers attractive prices and premium access to cutting-edge solutions. With the 4 level Partner Program, you gain access to volume prices (one license per site), support, maintenance and updates. Please get in touch with us for further details on Partner Program.

18.Can I use the graphics created by Mandriva independently of the software?

The "Star Logo" is registered and remains the intellectual property of Mandriva. You may register in our partnership program if you would like to use other Mandrivasoft visuals and graphics. Registration is free and easy on our website: Partner Page. When using our visuals, please refer to our Guidelines.

input8

Wuduhqb ydvehcqjyed

1.
Mxqj yi Vhuu Fqisqb (VFS)?

Ehywydqbbo dqcut VFA-Fqisqb, jxu Vhuu Fqisqb secfybuh yi q 32 ryj Jkhre Fqisqb qdt Tubfxy secfqjyrbu Fqisqb secfybuh veh TEI, Bydkn, Myd32, EI/2, VhuuRIT, QcywqEI, CqsEIN, CqsEI sbqiiys qdt iuluhqb ejxuh fbqjvehci (jxu dkcruh ev ikffehjut jqhwuji whemi qbb jxu jycu, qbjxekwx dej qbb ev jxuc qhu ed jxu iqcu bulub qi jxu cqyd edui).

Jxu Vhuu Fqisqb secfybuh yi qlqybqrbu veh iuluhqb qhsxyjusjkhui, n86, Ifqhs (l8,l9), QHC, n86 64 (QCT64/Efjuhed) qdt Femuhfs. Qd ebtuh luhiyed (jxu 1.0 iuhyui) qbie ikffehji c68a.

Jxu secfybuh yi mhyjjud yd Fqisqb qdt yi qrbu je secfybu yji emd iekhsui. Jxu iekhsu vybui qhu kdtuh WFB qdt ydsbktut.

Vhuu Fqisqb yi cetuij huwqhtydw yji cydycqb ioijuc hugkyhucudji (386-25 Cxp veh jxu Ydjub luhiyed qdt ytuqbbo q 68020 fhesuiieh veh jxu Cejehebq luhiyed. VFK uckbqjyed hugkyhut). Qj buqij 2 cuwqrojui ev HQC qhu hugkyhut. Je hucqau jxu secfybuh cehu jxqd 32-64CR yi huseccudtut, buii veh 1.0.n luhiyedi.

Ixehj xyijeho:
* 06/1993: fhezusj ijqhj
* 10/1993: vyhij byjjbu fhewhqci meha
* 03/1995: jxu secfybuh secfybui jxu emd iekhsui
* 03/1996: hubuqiut je jxu ydjuhduj
* 07/2000: 1.0 luhiyed
* 12/2000: 1.0.4 luhiyed
* 04/2002: 1.0.6 luhiyed
* 07/2003: 1.0.10 luhiyed
* 05/2005: 2.0
2.
Mxysx luhiyedi unyij, qdt mxysx edu ixekbt Y kiu?

Jxu bqjuij evvysyqb luhiyed yi 2.0.4, hubuqiut qi q rkw vyn hubuqiu veh 2.0.n iuhyui. Dum tulubefcudj yi fuhvehcut yd 2.1.n iuhyui, mxysx uludjkqbbo wuji hubuqiut qi uyjxuh 2.2.0, eh 3.0.0 (tufudtydw ed qcekdj ev qsskckbqjut sxqdwui qj jxu jycu ev hubuqiu).
Xyijehys luhiyedi

VFS'i luhiyed dkcruhydw sxqdwut q vum jycui eluh jxu ouqhi. Luhiyedi ruvehu 0.99.5 qhu sediytuhut qhsxqys. Qvjuh jxu hubuqiu ev 0.99.5 q ioijuc yd luhiyed dkcruhydw mqi ydjhetksut, qdt jxqj ioijuc mqi sxqdwut ibywxjbo sxqdwut qvjuh jxu 1.0 hubuqiu.

Luhiyedydw veh luhiyedi 0.99.5 - 1.0

Secfybuhi myjx qd ulud bqij dkcruh qhu hubuqiu luhiyedi (u.w. 0.99.8, 0.99.10, 0.99.12, 0.99.14 1.0.0)
Secfybuhi qdt fqsaqwui myjx qd ett bqij dkcruh qhu tulubefcudj luhiyedi (u.w. 0.99.9, 0.99.11, 0.99.13, 0.99.15)

0.99.5 yi qd unsufjyed je jxyi hkbu, iydsu 0.99.5 YI q hubuqiu (q hubuqiu fhyeh je jxu ydjhetksjyed ev jxyi ett/ulud ioijuc).

Bujjuhi ruxydt jxu luhiyed dkcruh (0.99.12r, 0.99.5t) ydtysqju hubuqiu luhiyedi myjx iecu rkwi qdt fherbuci yd jxu ehywydqb hubuqiu (huifusjylubo 0.99.12 qdt 0.99.5) vynut.

Luhiyedydw qvjuh 1.0

Jewujxuh myjx jxu hubuqiu ev 1.0 jxu luhiyed dkcruhydw mqi ibywxjbo sxqdwut, qdt q ioijuc yd luhiyedydw huiucrbydw jxu Bydkn auhdub'i xqi ruud ydjhetksut. Jxu cqyd tyvvuhudsu yi jxqj jxu tyvvuhudsu rujmuud q hubuqiu luhiyed yi dem yd jxu iusedt dkcruh (1.0.n li 1.1.n) ydijuqt ev jxu jxyht dkcruh (0.99.14 li 0.99.15), qdt jxu jxyht dkcruh dem rusecui jxu fqjsx bulub, hufbqsydw jxu feijvynut bujjuh yd jxu ebt ioijuc.

* Hubuqiui jxqj edbo vynut rkwi yd luhiyed 1.0 muhu dkcruhut 1.0.n.
* Dum tulubefcudj (jxu ie sqbbut idqfixeji) ijqhjut myjx luhiyed dkcruh 1.1.n.
* Uludjkqbbo jxu 1.1.n luhiyedi, mxud ijqrybyput jkhdut je 2.n. Vynui ed 2.0 hubuqiu qhu dkcruhut 2.0.n.
* Jxu dum tulubefcudj qvjuh jxu 2.0 hubuqiu yi dkcruhut 2.1.n qdt ie ed.

Dehcqbbo oek mekbt mqdj je kiu q hubuqiu. Hubuqiui qhu sediytuhut ijqrbu, qdt uqiyuh je ikffehj (jxu rkwi, gkyhai qdt kdydjudtut "vuqjkhui" qhu mubb ademd qvjuh q fuhyet ev jycu, qdt mehaqhekdti unyij).

Tulubefcudj idqfixeji (mxysx qhu wuduhqjut tqybo) huvbusj jxu skhhudj ijqjki ev jxu secfybuh. Tulubefcudj luhiyedi fherqrbo xqlu dum vuqjkhui qdt bqhwuh rkwi vynut iydsu jxu bqij hubuqiu, rkj cywxj xqlu iecu jucfehqho ijqrybyjo thqmrqsai (mxysx qhu kikqbbo vynut ro jxu dunj tqo).

Tulubefcudj idqfixeji qhu evjud gkyju kiuvkb veh suhjqyd sqjuwehyui ev kiuhi. Qia yd jxu cqybbyiji yv yj yi mehjx jxu jhekrbu yd oekh sqiu yv oek'hu dej ikhu.

Mu qtlyiu qbb kiuhi je kfwhqtu je jxu dumuij luhiyed veh jxuyh jqhwuj (Fhuvuhqrbo jxu dum ijqrbu 2.0.n iuhyui).

Q whqfxysqb jycubydu ev jxu VFS fhezusj fbki yji duqh vkjkhu mekbt ru:
3.
Vhuu Fqisqb qdt WDK Fqisqb - q secfqhyied

Qyc:
Vhuu Fqisqb jhyui je ycfbucudj q Rehbqdt secfqjyrbu fqisqb secfybuh ed qi cqdo fbqjvehci qi feiiyrbu. WDK Fqisqb jhyui je ycfbucudj q fehjqrbu fqisqb secfybuh rqiut ed FEIYN.
Luhiyed:
Skhhudjbo, Vhuu Fqisqb yi qj luhiyed 2.0 (cqo 2005). WDK Fqisqb yi qj luhiyed 2.1 (vhec 2002, mxysx sqd ru rkybj myjx iuluhqb tyvvuhudj WSS'i qi rqsaudt; jxuyh Cqs EI N luhiyed yi qd unsufjyed jxekwx, qi yj vebbemi jxu WSS luhiyed dkcruh).
Jhqsaydw:
Rujmuud hubuqiui, tulubefcudj luhiyedi ev VFS qhu qlqybqrbu jxhekwx tqybo idqfixeji qdt jxu iekhsu lyq SLI. WFS yiikui q iuj ev fqjsxui je jxu bqij luhiyed q vum jycui q ouqh, qdt jxuhu qhu huwkbqh idqfixej veh EI N qdt Mydtemi, cqtu ro kiuhi.
Efuhqjydw ioijuci:
Vhuu Fqisqb hkdi ed q bqhwu qcekdj ev fbqjvehci ev EIui, u.w. TEI, Myd32 (de Kdyn fehjydw bqouh duutut), Bydkn, VhuuRIT, DujRIT, EI/2, RuEI, Sbqiiys Cqs EI, Cqs EI N, qdt QcywqEI, ed, qj jxu cecudj jxu vebbemydw qhsxyjusjkhui: n86, n86 64 (QCT64), Ifqhs, FemuhFS, QHC qdt Cejehebq (Cejehebq edbo yd luhiyed 1.0.n). WDK Fqisqb hkdi rqiysqbbo ed qdo ioijuc jxqj sqd hkd WDK S, qdt veh mxysx jxu rkybtfhesuii mqi luhyvyut.
Reejijhqffydw:
VFS hugkyhui q ikyjqrbu iuj ev rydkjybi (QI,QH,BT), wcqau qdt q seccqdtbydu secfybuh. Dum qhsxyjusjkhui/EIui qhu sheiisecfybut. WFS reejijhqfi lyq q ikyjqrbu luhiyed ev WSS, qdt hugkyhui q vkbb iuj ev rydkjybi, vbun, ryied, wcqau, q FEIYN ixubb qdt byrjeeb
Iekhsui:
Vhuu Fqisqb yi udjyhubo mhyjjud yd Fqisqb (qrekj 6 CR ev iekhsu setu), mxybu WDK Fqisqb yi mhyjjud yd S (yj'i qd qtqfjqjyed ev jxu WDK S secfybuh: 2.8 CR setu + 8 CR ev WDK S setu)
Bqdwkqwu:
Vhuu Fqisqb ikffehji jxu Rehbqdt Fqisqb tyqbusj, ycfbucudji jxu Tubfxy Erzusj Fqisqb bqdwkqwu qdt xqi iecu Cqs Fqisqb unjudiyedi. WDK Fqisqb ikffehji YIE 7185, YIE 10206, (ceij ev) Rehbqdt Fqisqb 7.0
Unjudiyedi:
Vhuu Fqisqb ycfbucudji cujxet, vkdsjyed qdt efuhqjeh eluhbeqtydw. (bqjuh Tubfxy luhiyedi qtt jxuiu, ie ijhysjbo dej qd unjudiyed qdocehu) WDK Fqisqb ycfbucudji efuhqjeh eluhbeqtydw.
Bysudiu:
Rejx secfybuhi secu kdtuh jxu WDK WFB.
Qkjxeh:
Vhuu Fqisqb mqi ijqhjut ro Vbehyqd Abqucfvb, Wuhcqdo (vbehyqd@vhuufqisqb.ehw), WDK Fqisqb mqi ijqhjut ro Zkaaq Lyhjqdud, Vydbqdt (zjl@xkj.vy).

4.
Bysudiu qdt sefohywxj ydvehcqjyed

Qffbysqjyedi shuqjut ro jxu secfybuh qdt kiydw jxu hkdjycu byrhqho secu kdtuh q cetyvyut byrhqho wdk fkrbys bysudiu (BWFB), mxysx fuhcyj de huijhysjyed ed jxu jofu ev bysudiu jxu qffbysqjyed xqi. Yj yi jxuhuvehu feiiyrbu je shuqju sbeiut iekhsu eh fhefhyujqho ievjmqhu kiydw Vhuu Fqisqb.

Jxyi unjhq unsufjyed je jxu BWFB yi qttut:
Qi q ifusyqb unsufjyed, jxu sefohywxj xebtuhi ev jxyi byrhqho wylu oek fuhcyiiyed je byda jxyi byrhqho myjx ydtufudtudj cetkbui je fhetksu qd unuskjqrbu, huwqhtbuii ev jxu bysudiu juhci ev jxuiu ydtufudtudj cetkbui, qdt je sefo qdt tyijhyrkju jxu huikbjydw unuskjqrbu kdtuh juhci ev oekh sxeysu, fhelytut jxqj oek qbie cuuj, veh uqsx bydaut ydtufudtudj cetkbu, jxu juhci qdt sedtyjyedi ev jxu bysudiu ev jxqj cetkbu. Qd ydtufudtudj cetkbu yi q cetkbu mxysx yi dej tuhylut vhec eh rqiut ed jxyi byrhqho. Yv oek cetyvo jxyi byrhqho, oek cqo unjudt jxyi unsufjyed je oekh luhiyed ev jxu byrhqho, rkj oek dej erbywqjut je te ie. Yv oek te dej myix je te ie, tubuju jxyi unsufjyed ijqjucudj vhec oekh luhiyed.
Fbuqiu deju jxqj oek ijybb xqlu je secfbo je jxu BWFB, mxysx, veh unqcfbu, hugkyhui oek je fhelytu jxu iekhsu setu ev jxu hkdjycu byrhqho. Yv oek mqdj je mhyju fhefhyujqho sbeiut iekhsu ievjmqhu, fbuqiu te jxyi je secfbo:
* Ceij fuefbu sqd iqjyivo jxu iekhsu setu hugkyhucudj ro cudjyedydw jxu hjb iekhsu setu sqd ru temdbeqtut qj jxu Vhuu Fqisqb mur iyju: yv oek tyt dej cetyvo jxu hjb jxyi yi sediytuhut qtugkqju je iqjyivo jxu BWFB hugkyhucudj ev fhelytydw iekhsu setu.
* Yv oek cqtu cetyvysqjyedi je jxu hkdjycu byrhqho, oek sqddej auuf jxuc veh oekhiubv, oek ckij cqau jxuc qlqybqrbu yv hugkuijut.
* Tyijhyrkju jxu BWFB bysudiu myjx oekh fhetksj.

Jxu secfybuh iekhsu setu, ed jxu ejxuh xqdt, secui kdtuh jxu WDK Fkrbys bysudiu, mxysx cuqdi jxqj qdo kiqwu ev jxu secfybuh iekhsu sqd edbo ru kiut yd ievjmqhu fhezusji mxysx xqlu jxu iqcu bysudiu.

5.
Wujjydw jxu secfybuh

Jxu bqjuij evvysyqb ijqrbu Vhuu Fqisqb hubuqiu yi qlqybqrbu veh temdbeqt vhec qbb evvysyqb cyhhehi
6.
Vhuu Fqisqb ydijqbbqjyed xydji
* Te dej ydijqbb jxu secfybuh yd q tyhusjeho mxysx sedjqydi ifqsui yd yji dqcu, iydsu iecu ev jxu secfybuh jeebi te dej byau jxuiu

7.
Mxo te y xqlu je ikffbo q kiuh dqcu qdt fqiimeht je wuj Vhuu Fqisqb ?

Oek qhu jhoydw je bewyd yd je qd vjf iyju. Oek ckij kiu jxu bewyd dqcu: qdedoceki qdt qi oekh fqiimeht, oek ixekbt fkj oekh u-cqyb qtthuii.
8.
Qssuii tudyut uhheh mxud seddusjydw je jxu Vhuu Fqisqb VJF iyju

Jxu Vhuu Fqisqb cqyd vjf iyju sqd edbo qssufj q cqnyckc dkcruh ev iyckbjqdueki seddusjyedi. Yv jxyi uhheh esskhi, yj yi rusqkiu jxyi bycyj xqi ruud huqsxut. Jxu iebkjyed yi uyjxuh je mqyj qdt hujho bqjuh, eh rujjuh ijybb kiu edu ev jxu Vhuu Fqisqb cyhheh iyjui.
9.
Mxuhu sqd Y vydt q junj cetu YTU?

Jxu tulubefcudj ev jxu YTU (ydjuwhqjut tulubefcudj udlyhedcudj) yi dej ouj vydyixut. Xemuluh q mehaydw juij luhiyed ev jxu YTU yi ydsbktut myjx luhiyed 1.0.n qdt xywxuh ev jxu secfybuh. Jxuhu cywxj ru fherbuci hkddydw jxu TEI YTU kdtuh Mydtemi DJ qdt Mydtemi 2000 (uifusyqbbo jxu turkwwuh), yd jxqj sqiu yj yi ikwwuijut je kiu jxu dqjylu Mydtemi luhiyed.

Jxu junjcetu YTU ed *dyn jqhwuji xqi iuluhqb juhcydqb fherbuci. Jho je kiu q huqb njuhc qi feiiyrbu, qdt sxeeiu q vedj mxysx xqi q Tei sxqhqsjuh iuj
10.
Y mqdj q dum luhiyed DEM

Yd jxu jycu rujmuud jxu hubuqiu ev dum evvysyqb luhiyedi, oek sqd xqlu q beea qj qdt juij tulubefuh luhiyedi (ie-sqbbut "idqfixeji"). Ru mqhdut jxekwx: jxyi yi meha kdtuh fhewhuii, ie yd qttyjyed je ebt rkwi vynut qdt dum vuqjkhui qttut, jxyi cqo qbie sedjqyd dum rkwi.

Idqfixeji qhu wuduhqjut qkjecqjysqbbo uqsx dywxj vhec jxu skhhudj iekhsu qj jxqj cecudj. Iecujycui jxyi cqo vqyb tku je rywwuh sxqdwui dej ouj vkbbo ycfbucudjut. Yv oekh luhiyed teuid'j meha, jho qwqyd edu eh jme tqoi bqjuh. Oek'hu qtlyiut dej je temdbeqt jxu WE32l1 luhiyed veh Tei, iydsu yj'i dej ikffehjut qdo cehu.

Jxu bqjuij idqfixej sqd qbmqoi ru temdbeqtut vhec jxu tulubefcudj mur fqwu.
11.
Ydijqbbydw q idqfixej

Je ydijqbb q idqfixej, unjhqsj jxu pyf qhsxylu ydje jxu unyijydw fhewhqc tyhusjeho ev jxu bqij evvysyqb luhiyed ev Vhuu Fqisqb (qvjuh cqaydw q rqsakf ev jxu ehywydqb ev sekhiu). Oek sqd qbie unjhqsj yj ydje qd ucfjo tyhusjeho qdt jxud celu jxu vybui je jxu fhewhqc tyhusjeho, eluhmhyjydw unyijydw vybui.

Cqau ikhu jxqj oek unjhqsj jxu PYF qhsxylu iksx jxqj jxu ydsbktut tyhusjeho ijhksjkhu hucqydi ydjqsj. Veh unqcfbu yv oek kiu FAKDPYF, kiu "fakdpyf -t" ydijuqt ev zkij "fakdpyf". Deju jxqj idqfixeji qbie sedjqyd q dum HJB mxysx ceij byaubo sqd'j ru kiut myjx jxu fhulyeki hubuqiu luhiyed, ie rqsakf oekh ebt HJB qi mubb.
12.
Ademd rkwi / Hufehjydw rkwi

We je jxu rkwi fqwu.

Yv oek myix je adem jxu rkwi veh q ifusyvys Vhuu Fqisqb luhiyed, we je jxu rkwi fqwu, tyifbqo jxu rkw tqjqrqiu. Qj jxu udt ev jxu fqwu oek ixekbt iuu qd efjyed je lyum edbo ifusyvys rkwi. Sxeeiu "Myjx Luhiyed" myjx jxu luhiyed oek mqdj je wuj ydvehcqjyed qrekj qdt "Myjx Ijqjki" sxeeiu "Kdvynut". Jxyi ixekbt tyifbqo qbb rkwi mxysx qhu fhuiudj yd jxu ifusyvys luhiyed ev jxu secfybuh oek hugkuijut.
13.
Y xqlu je mhyju q fhewhqc veh xecumeha. Sqd oek xubf?

De. Fbuqiu, ted'j iudt ki cqyb qrekj xecumeha, mu qhu de juqsxuhi. Jxu Vhuu Fqisqb tulubefcudj juqc jhyui je wylu weet ikffehj veh jxu Vhuu Fqisqb secfybuh qdt qhu jhoydw je qbmqoi hufbo je ucqybi. Yv mu wuj ucqybi byau jxyi, jxyi rusecui xqhtuh qdt xqhtuh.
14.
Xem te Y cqau q huqb Mydtemi qffbysqjyed myjx mydtemi qdt cudk rqhi?
Jxu uqiyuij mqo yi je temdbeqt Bqpqhki. Yj med'j ru zkij q Mydtemi qffbysqjyed, yj mybb qbie meha kdtuh Bydkn, VhuuRIT qdt CqsEI N.
15.
Xem te Y cqau q wqcu myjx Vhuu Fqisqb? Sqd Y cqau q wqcu byau Teec 3?
Oui, oek sqd cqau wqcui myjx Vhuu Fqisqb qdt yv oek qhu huqbbo weet oek sqd cqau q wqcu byau Teec 3. Cqaydw wqcui yi tyvvyskbj, oek duut je ru qd unfuhyudsut fhewhqccuh je cqau jxuc. Jxu mur iyju mmm.fqisqbwqcutulubefcudj.sec yi q secckdyjo ev fuefbu mxe fhewhqc wqcui yd Vhuu Fqisqb qdt Tubfxy.

Yv oek mqdj q ijqhj, fbuqiu ijqhj je ijkto ZUTY-ITB eh FJSFqi. Qbie oek sqd jho je ijkto qd unyijydw wqcu, veh unqcfbu Jxu Ixuuf Aybbuh yi q luho iycfbu wqcu qdt yj ixekbt dej ru luho xqht je kdtuhijqdt yji setu.
16.
Wujjydw cehu ydvehcqjyed mxud qd qffbysqjyed shqixui
1. Jxu uqiyuij feiiyrybyjo yi je husecfybu oekh fhewhqc myjx -wb turkwwydw efjyed. Jxyi mqo kdyj ByduYdve yi qkjecqjysqbbo bydaut yd, qdt jxu fhydjekj qvjuh q fhewhqc shqix jxud sedjqydi iekhsu bydu dkcruhi yd qttyjyed je qtthuiiui ev jxu shqix. Je iuu hkdjycu byrhqho (HJB) vkdsjyedi yd jxu rqsajhqsu myjx jxuyh huqb dqcu, oek xqlu je husecfybu jxu HJB myjx -wb jee.
2. Veh cehu secfhuxudiylu sxusaydw, secfybu jxu fhewhqc myjx turkwwydw ydvehcqjyed (kiu jxu -w seccqdt bydu efjyed)
3. Beqt jxu fhewhqc yd jxu turkwwuh

wtr(fqi)(m) --tyhusjeho=<ihs tyhi> cofhew.unu

Dejui:
* Kdtuh KDYN ioijuci (Bydkn, jxu RIT'i), ted'j qtt jxu ".unu" qvjuh cofhew
* "ihs tyhi" yi q byij ev tyhusjehyui sedjqydydw jxu iekhsu setu vybui ev cofhew qdt jxu kdyji yj kiui iufuhqjut ro iucy-sebedi (";"). Jxu skhhudj tyhusjeho yi qkjecqjysqbbo ydsbktut.
4. Edsu ydiytu jxu turkwwuh, oek sqd (efjyedqbbo) iuj jxu seccqdt bydu efjyedi jxqj mybb ru fqiiut je oekh fhewhqc kiydw jxu seccqdt "iuj qhwi <efjyed1 efjyed2 ...>"
5. Je ijqhj jxu fhewhqc, jofu "hkd" qdt fhuii udjuh
6. Qvjuh jxu fhewhqc xqi shqixut, jxu qtthuii ev jxu ydijhksjyed mxuhu jxu shqix esskhhut mybb ru ixemd. Jxu turkwwuh mybb jho je tyifbqo jxu iekhsu setu bydu sehhuifedtydw myjx jxyi qtthuii. Deju jxqj jxyi sqd ru ydiytu q fhesutkhu ev jxu HJB, ie jxu iekhsu cqo dej qbmqoi ru qlqybqrbu qdt ceij byaubo jxu HJB mqid'j secfybut myjx turkwwydw ydvehcqjyed.
7. Yv oek jxud jofu "rj" (RqsaJhqsu), jxu qtthuiui yd jxu sqbb ijqsa mybb ru ixemd (jxu qtthuiiui ev jxu fhesutkhui mxysx muhu sqbbut ruvehu jxu fhewhqc wej je jxu skhhudj qtthuii). Oek sqd iuu mxysx iekhsu setu bydui jxuiu fhuiudj kiydw jxu seccqdt

ydve bydu *<qtthuii>

Veh unqcfbu:

ydve bydu *0n05rt8

17.
Ydshuqiydw jxu xuqf iypu

Ro tuvqkbj Vhuu Fqisqb qbbesqjui q icqbb fqhj ev HQC veh oekh qffbysqjyed qi xuqf cuceho. Yv yj zkij qbbesqjut qbb yj sekbt wuj, fuefbu hkddydw Mydtemi mekbt xqlu fherbuci qi Mydtemi mekbt ydshuqiu jxu imqf vybu iypu je wylu jxu fhewhqc cehu cuceho ed qdt ed, kdjyb jxu imqf vybu thylu mekbt ru vkbb.

Oek sqd ifusyvo jxu iypu ev jxu xuqf myjx -Sxnnnn.

Xemuluh, jxu xuqf iypu teuid'j huqbbo cqjjuh, iydsu jxu Xuqf yi qrbu je whem: yv oek'lu kiut qbb jxu qlqybqrbu xuqf ifqsu, jxu fhewhqc mybb jho je wuj cehu cuceho vhec jxu Efuhqjydw ioijuc (EI), ie jxu xuqf yi bycyjut je jxu cqnyckc qcekdj ev vhuu cuceho fhelytut ro jxu EI.

Yj yi edbo xqdto yv oek adem oek mybb duut qj buqij q suhjqyd qcekdj ev cuceho. Oek sqd jxud ifusyvo jxyi lqbku kiydw jxu -Sx fqhqcujuh, ie oekh fhewhqc mybb qbbesqju yj qj edsu ed ijqhjkf. Jxyi yi ibywxjbo vqijuh jxqd whemydw jxu xuqf q dkcruh ev jycui.
18.
Secfybuh iuuci je iayf vybui yd tyhusjehyui jxqj -Vk feydji je

Jxyi iecujycui xqffudi myjx ydijqbbqjyed/secfybqjyed ishyfji yv jxu sefoydw seccqdt teuid'j fhuiuhlu tqjui. Jxu erzusj vybui wuj ebtuh jxqd jxu FFK vybu, qdt jxu secfybuh jhyui je husecfybu jxuc. Q iycfbu jeksx mybb ieblu yj.

Qbie deju jxqj VFS, sedjhqho je Jkhre Fqisqb auufi jhqsa ev ydsbktuvybui. Cetyvyut ydsbktuvybui eh tkfbysqju dqcui cywxj jhywwuh qd qjjucfj qj husecfybydw
19.
Mxo qhu jxu wuduhqjut rydqhyui ie ryw?

Jxuhu qhu iuluhqb huqiedi qdt hucutyui veh jxyi:

1.

Oek sqd shuqju icqhjbydaut qffbysqjyedi. Je jkhd ed jxu wuduhqjyed ev icqhjbydaqrbu kdyji, kiu jxu -Sn seccqdt bydu efjyed mxud secfybydw oekh kdyji. Je jkhd ed jxu bydaydw ev fhulyekibo wuduhqjut icqhbydaqrbu kdyji, kiu jxu -NN (-NI yd 0.99.12 qdt uqhbyuh) seccqdt bydu efjyed mxud secfybydw q fhewhqc.
2. Dehcqbbo, qbb iocreb ydvehcqjyed yi ydsbktut yd jxu huikbjydw fhewhqc (veh uqiyuh turkwwydw). Oek sqd hucelu jxyi ro kiydw jxu -Ni seccqdt bydu efjyed mxud secfybydw oekh fhewhqc (yj med'j te qdojxydw mxud secfybydw kdyji)
3. Oek sqd kiu KFN je fqsa jxu .UNUi (zkij byau u.w. fabyju) veh Tei (WE32l2) qdt Mydtemi jqhwuji. Beea xuhu veh cehu ydve.
4. Oek sqd kiu BNBYJU veh fqsaydw UCN rydqhyui, rkj oek med'j ru qrbu je hkd jxuc kdtuh TEI (myjx unjudtuh) qdo cehu jxud. Jxyi yiikui yi dej hubulqdj veh dqjylu EI/2 rydqhyui secfybut veh jqhwuj EI2 myjx luhiyed 1.9.n qdt qrelu, rusqkiu jxuiu ted'j hkd kdtuh TEI qdomqo. Yd qttyjyed, yj cywxj dej ru feiiyrbu je kiu secfhuiiut rydqhyui ed bemuh EI/2 luhiyedi (byau 2.n) tufudtydw ed sxeiud jofu ev secfhuiiyed. BNBYJU sqd ru vekdt u.w. ed Xerrui, iuqhsx veh BNBYJU.
5. Jkhd ed efjycqbyiqjyedi, rejx veh ikffbyut fqsaqwui (HJB, VL, VSB) qdt veh oekh emd setu, jxyi mybb qbie tushuqiu jxu setu iypu.
6. Auuf yd cydt jxqj kdtuh DJ,2000,NF, secfhuiiut rydqhyui ijqhjkf hubqjylubo ibem. Juij kdtuh lqhyeki sedtyjyedi (EI, SFK ifuut, cuceho) yv jxu ruxqlyekh yi qssufjqrbu ruvehu secfhuiiydw

20.
Sedvywkhqjyed vybu fherbuci (vfs.svw eh ffs386.svw)

Ijqhjydw vhec luhiyed 1.0.6 ev Vhuu Fqisqb, jxu sedvywkhqjyed vybu yi dem sqbbut vfs.svw ydijuqt ev ffs386.svw. Veh rqsamqht secfqjyrybyjo , ffs386.svw yi ijybb iuqhsxut vyhij qdt, yv vekdt, yi kiut ydijuqt ev vfs.svw

Luhiyedi fhyeh je Vhuu Fqisqb 1.0.6 te dej husewdypu vfs.svw, ie yv oek myix je kiu qd uqhbyuh luhiyed ev jxu secfybuh kiydw jxu iqcu sedvywkhqjyed vybu kiut myjx VFS luhiyed 1.0.6 (eh bqjuh), jxu sedvywkhqjyed vybu ixekbt ru hudqcut je ffs386.svw
.
21.
Hkdjycu uhhehi

Mxud jxuhu yi qrdehcqb juhcydqjyed ev qd qffbysqjyed wuduhqjut ro Vhuu Fqisqb, yj yi luho fherqrbu jxqj q hkdjycu uhheh mybb ru wuduhqjut. Jxuiu uhhehi xqlu jxu vehc :

Hkdjycu uhheh 201 qj 0n00010V86
0n00010V86 cqyd, bydu 7 ev juijh.fqi
0n0000206T

Jxu 201 yd jxyi sqiu ydtysqjui jxu hkdjycu uhheh dkcruh. Jxu tuvydyjyed ev jxu tyvvuhudj hkdjycu uhheh dkcruhi yi tuishyrut yd jxu Vhuu Fqisqb kiuh'i cqdkqb, Qffudtyn T. Jxu xunqtusycqb dkcruhi hufhuiudj jxu sqbb ijqsa mxud jxu uhheh esskhut.
22.
Ijqdtqht kdyji

Je iuu jxu byij ev rqiu kdyji ikffbyut myjx Vhuu Fqisqb, qdt ed mxysx fbqjvehc jxuo qhu ikffehjut, sedikbj jxu Vhuu Fqisqb kiuh'i cqdkqb. Jxuhu yi qbie q ixehj tuishyfjyed ev mxqj uqsx kdyj teui yd jxu iqcu iusjyed ev jxu cqdkqb.
23.
Xem teui jxu secfybuh meha ydjuhdqbbo?
24.
Turkwwydw icqhjbydaut setu teui dej vkbbo meha

Turkwwydw icqhj bydaut setu cywxj dej meha sehhusjbo. Jxyi yi tku je jxu vqsj jxqj de jofu ydvehcqjyed yi ucyjjut veh icqhjbydaut setu. Yv jxyi mekbt dej ru tedu, jxu vybui mekbt rusecu udehceki.

Mxybu turkwwydw, yj yi dej huseccudtut je kiu jxu icqhjbydaydw efjyed.
25.
Turkwwydw ixqhut byrhqho (todqcys bydaut byrhqho) setu teui dej vkbbo meha

Turkwwydw ixqhut byrhqhyui (eh todqcys bydaut byrhqhyui) fhetksut ro jxu Vhuu Fqisqb secfybuh yi dej evvysyqbbo ikffehjut.
26.
FFK vybui rydqho secfqjyrybyjo rujmuud luhiyedi
Sqd'j secfybu q fhewhqc kiydw q rydqho edbo luhiyed ev q kdyj

Iecujycui, ulud jxekwx jxuhu yi q rydqho luhiyed ev q cetkbu (kdyj vybu qdt erzusj vybu) qlqybqrbu, jxu secfybuh ijybb wylui secfybqjyed uhhehi. Jxyi sqd ru sqkiut uyjxuh ro qd ydsecfqjyrybyjo yd jxu FFK vybu vehcqj (mxysx ixekbt sxqdwu edbo rujmuud cqzeh luhiyedi ev jxu secfybuh), eh ro q sxqdwu yd edu ev jxu kdyji ev jxu HJB mxysx xqi sxqdwut yd rujmuud hubuqiui.

Je wuj cehu ydvehcqjyed, secfybu jxu setu kiydw jxu -lq (ixem qbb ydvehcqjyed) secfybuh imyjsx, qdt jxu kdyj beqtydw fxqiu mybb ru tyifbqout. Oek cywxj tyiseluh jxqj jxu kdyj ruydw beqtut hugkyhui je ru husecfybut rusqkiu edu ev jxu kdyj yj kiui xqi sxqdwut.

Ie yv oek fbqd ed tyijhyrkjydw q cetkbu myjxekj jxu iekhsu setu, jxu rydqhyui ixekbt ru secfybut qdt cqtu qlqybqrbu veh qbb luhiyedi ev jxu secfybuh oek myix je ikffehj, ejxuhmyiu secfybqjyed uhhehi qhu rekdt je esskh.

Yd ejxuh mehti, jxu kdyj (FFK) vybu vehcqj teui dej sxqdwu iywdyvysqdjbo yd rujmuud cydeh hubuqiui ev jxu secfybuh (veh unucfbu : vhec 1.0.4 qdt 1.0.6) mxysx cuqdi jxuo qhu rydqho secfqjyrbu, rkj rusqkiu jxu ydjuhvqsu ev jxu kdyji ev jxu HJB suhjqydbo sxqdwui rujmuud luhiyedi, husecfybqjyed mybb ru hugkyhut veh uqsx luhiyed qdomqoi.
27.
Vybu tudyut uhhehi mxud efudydw vybui myjx huiuj

Jhoydw je efud vybui kiydw huiuj ed ded-junj vybui cywxj sqkiu q Hkdjycu Uhheh 5 (Qssuii tudyut).

Qbb vybui efudut kiydw jxu qrelu ioijuc kdyj hekjydu kiu jxu skhhudj vybucetu lqbku je tujuhcydu xem jxu vybu yi efudut. Ro tuvqkbj, vybucetu yi iuj je 2 (Huqt/Mhyju qssuii).

Ie, q sqbb je huiuj ed ded-junj vybui teui dej ydtysqju jxqj jxu vybu mybb ru efudut huqt-edbo. Ie, jhoydw je efud q vybu kiydw huiuj myjx jxu tuvqkbji mybb vqyb ed huqt-edbo vybui. vybucetu ixekbt ru iuj je 0 (Huqb-edbo qssuii) ruvehu sqbbydw huiuj je ieblu jxyi fherbuc. Q iqcfbu iebkjyed yi ixemd rubem.

sedij
{ feiiyrbu lqbkui veh vybucetu }
HUQT_EDBO = 0;
MHYJU_EDBO = 1;
HUQT_MHYJU = 2;
lqh
ebtvybucetu : roju;
v: vybu;
ruwyd
qiiywd(v,'covybu.jnj');
ebtvybucetu := vybucetu;
{ huiuj mybb efud huqt-edbo }
vybucetu := HUQT_EDBO;
huiuj(v,1);
{ huijehu vybu cetu lqbku }
vybucetu := ebtvybucetu;
// ...
sbeiu(v);
udt.

Veh cehu ydvehcqjyed, sedikbj jxu Vhuu Fqisqb huvuhudsu cqdkqb
28.
Mxqj qrekj .DUJ?
Essqiyedqbbo, kiuhi qia qrekj q VFS jxqj ikffehji .DUJ, eh ekh fbqdi yd jxqj tyhusjyed.

Cqydbo jxu kiuhi qhu uyjxuh ydjuhuijut rusqkiu ev .DUJ'i fehjqrybyjo qifusji (Cede yi gkejut eluh qdt eluh qwqyd), eh rusqkiu yj yi ikffeiut je ru jxu dunj ryw jxydw yd Mydtemi fhewhqccydw.

Mxybu jxu VFS sehu tulubeffuhi qhu iecumxqj ydjuhuijut ekj ev qsqtucys skhyekiyjo (cqydbo rusqkiu yj sekbt ru q fybej veh shuqjydw rojusetu) jxuhu qhu xemuluh iuluhqb fherbuci myjx .DUJ yd secrydqjyed myjx VFS:
1. VFS'i bqdwkqwu kiui feydjuhi, qdt ie sqd edbo ru kdcqdqwut. Kdcqdqwut setu yi dej fehjqrbu kdtuh .DUJ, ie jxqj qbhuqto aybbi qbb feiiyrbu ruduvyji. Jxyi qbie cuqdi jxqj unyijydw VFS qdt Tubfxy setu med'j hkd ed .DUJ.
2. VFS'i byrhqhyui ted'j rqiu ed .DUJ sbqiiui qdt tqjqcetubi (qdt sqd'j ru sxqdwut je te ie myjxekj uvvusjylubo humhyjydw jxuc), cehueluh jxu byrhqhyui sekbt edbo ru kdcqdqwut jee, eh jxuo mekbt ru ydsecfqjyrbu
3. Jxuhu yi dejxydw fhqsjysqb ademd ouj qrekj xem fehjqrbu qd qluhqwu .DUJ setu mybb ru. Byjjbu unfuhycudji myjx xubbe mehbt bulub setu cuqd dejxydw, jxqj aydt ev setu mehai myjx fbqyd S jee.
4. Efuhqjydw Ioijuc tufudtqdj setu mekbtd'j meha qdocehu, iydsu jxu myd32 ydjuhvqsu yi kdcqdqwut.

Ie uvvusjylubo jxyi cuqdi jxqj veh VFS je ruduvyj vhec .DUJ oek mekbt xqlu je iywdyvysqdjbo qtqfj jxu bqdwkqwu (jxki secfybuh) qdt byrhqhyui, qdt ru ydsecfqjyrbu myjx jxu unyijydw dqjylu iekhsusetu. Jxyi yi dej qttydw ikffehj veh .DUJ yd VFS, rkj huycfbucudjydw VFS ed .DUJ vhec duqh ishqjsx myjxekj rqsamqhti secfqrybyjo. Cehueluh jxqj qbie cuqdi jxqj unyijydw qffi mekbt xqlu je ru humhyjjud veh .DUJ, iydsu yj mekbt jqau cehu jxqd q iycfbu husecfybu myjx q VFS/.DUJ secfybuh.

Mxybu kdcqdqwut setu xqi iecu kiui (qbbemi je ydjuwhqju myjx cqdqwut setu ydiytu mydtemi uqiyuh), jxyi ijybb duuti q setuwuduhqjeh rqsaudt je ru mhyjjud, ydjuhvqsui qdt byrhqhyui tuvydut, veh byjjbu fhqsjysqb kiu. Jxyi cuqdi q bej ev meha qdt iydsu .DUJ jqau kf yi dej huqbbo xywx, jxyi cywxj dej ru mehjx yj, iydsu qd kdcqdqwut VFS/.DUJ mekbt edbo ru cydycqbbo kiut.

Xemuluh yv q VFS kiuh teui jxu rkba ev jxu meha (u.w. q rojusetu setuwuduhqjeh, qdt cqoru iecu rqiu byrhqhyui) qdt yv jxu meha yi ikyjqrbu veh ydsbkiyed yd VFS (q luho ryw yv), mu mybb ev sekhiu ydsbktu yj.

Jxuiu fherbuci qhu fhujjo cksx iycybqh veh jxu Zqlq (rojusetu) jee. Edu xqi je ckjybqju jxu bqdwkqwu, qdt humhyju jxu byrhqhyui vhec ishqjsx ed jxu rqiu byrhqhyui ev jxu jqhwuj (Zqlq/.DUJ). Iksx qd qjjucfj mekbt xqlu byjjbu ioduhwo myjx jxu VFS fhezusj qi yj yi jetqo.

output8

General information

1.
What is Free Pascal (FPC)?

Originally named FPK-Pascal, the Free Pascal compiler is a 32 bit Turbo Pascal and Delphi compatible Pascal compiler for DOS, Linux, Win32, OS/2, FreeBSD, AmigaOS, MacOSX, MacOS classic and several other platforms (the number of supported targets grows all the time, although not all of them are on the same level as the main ones).

The Free Pascal compiler is available for several architectures, x86, Sparc (v8,v9), ARM, x86 64 (AMD64/Opteron) and Powerpc. An older version (the 1.0 series) also supports m68k.

The compiler is written in Pascal and is able to compile its own sources. The source files are under GPL and included.

Free Pascal is modest regarding its minimal system requirements (386-25 Mhz for the Intel version and ideally a 68020 processor for the Motorola version. FPU emulation required). At least 2 megabytes of RAM are required. To remake the compiler more than 32-64MB is recommended, less for 1.0.x versions.

Short history:
* 06/1993: project start
* 10/1993: first little programs work
* 03/1995: the compiler compiles the own sources
* 03/1996: released to the internet
* 07/2000: 1.0 version
* 12/2000: 1.0.4 version
* 04/2002: 1.0.6 version
* 07/2003: 1.0.10 version
* 05/2005: 2.0
2.
Which versions exist, and which one should I use?

The latest official version is 2.0.4, released as a bug fix release for 2.0.x series. New development is performed in 2.1.x series, which eventually gets released as either 2.2.0, or 3.0.0 (depending on amount of accumulated changes at the time of release).
Historic versions

FPC's version numbering changed a few times over the years. Versions before 0.99.5 are considered archaic. After the release of 0.99.5 a system in version numbering was introduced, and that system was changed slightly changed after the 1.0 release.

Versioning for versions 0.99.5 - 1.0

Compilers with an even last number are release versions (e.g. 0.99.8, 0.99.10, 0.99.12, 0.99.14 1.0.0)
Compilers and packages with an odd last number are development versions (e.g. 0.99.9, 0.99.11, 0.99.13, 0.99.15)

0.99.5 is an exception to this rule, since 0.99.5 IS a release (a release prior to the introduction of this odd/even system).

Letters behind the version number (0.99.12b, 0.99.5d) indicate release versions with some bugs and problems in the original release (respectively 0.99.12 and 0.99.5) fixed.

Versioning after 1.0

Together with the release of 1.0 the version numbering was slightly changed, and a system in versioning resembling the Linux kernel's has been introduced. The main difference is that the difference between a release version is now in the second number (1.0.x vs 1.1.x) instead of the third number (0.99.14 vs 0.99.15), and the third number now becomes the patch level, replacing the postfixed letter in the old system.

* Releases that only fixed bugs in version 1.0 were numbered 1.0.x.
* New development (the so called snapshots) started with version number 1.1.x.
* Eventually the 1.1.x versions, when stabilized turned to 2.x. Fixes on 2.0 release are numbered 2.0.x.
* The new development after the 2.0 release is numbered 2.1.x and so on.

Normally you would want to use a release. Releases are considered stable, and easier to support (the bugs, quirks and unintended "features" are well known after a period of time, and workarounds exist).

Development snapshots (which are generated daily) reflect the current status of the compiler. Development versions probably have new features and larger bugs fixed since the last release, but might have some temporary stability drawbacks (which are usually fixed by the next day).

Development snapshots are often quite useful for certain categories of users. Ask in the maillists if it is worth the trouble in your case if you're not sure.

We advise all users to upgrade to the newest version for their target (Preferably the new stable 2.0.x series).

A graphical timeline of the FPC project plus its near future would be:
3.
Free Pascal and GNU Pascal - a comparison

Aim:
Free Pascal tries to implement a Borland compatible pascal compiler on as many platforms as possible. GNU Pascal tries to implement a portable pascal compiler based on POSIX.
Version:
Currently, Free Pascal is at version 2.0 (may 2005). GNU Pascal is at version 2.1 (from 2002, which can be built with several different GCC's as backend; their Mac OS X version is an exception though, as it follows the GCC version number).
Tracking:
Between releases, development versions of FPC are available through daily snapshots and the source via CVS. GPC issues a set of patches to the last version a few times a year, and there are regular snapshot for OS X and Windows, made by users.
Operating systems:
Free Pascal runs on a large amount of platforms of OSes, e.g. DOS, Win32 (no Unix porting layer needed), Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OS/2, BeOS, Classic Mac OS, Mac OS X, and AmigaOS, on, at the moment the following architectures: x86, x86 64 (AMD64), Sparc, PowerPC, ARM and Motorola (Motorola only in version 1.0.x). GNU Pascal runs basically on any system that can run GNU C, and for which the buildprocess was verified.
Bootstrapping:
FPC requires a suitable set of binutils (AS,AR,LD), gmake and a commandline compiler. New architectures/OSes are crosscompiled. GPC bootstraps via a suitable version of GCC, and requires a full set of binutils, flex, bison, gmake, a POSIX shell and libtool
Sources:
Free Pascal is entirely written in Pascal (about 6 MB of source code), while GNU Pascal is written in C (it's an adaptation of the GNU C compiler: 2.8 MB code + 8 MB of GNU C code)
Language:
Free Pascal supports the Borland Pascal dialect, implements the Delphi Object Pascal language and has some Mac Pascal extensions. GNU Pascal supports ISO 7185, ISO 10206, (most of) Borland Pascal 7.0
Extensions:
Free Pascal implements method, function and operator overloading. (later Delphi versions add these, so strictly not an extension anymore) GNU Pascal implements operator overloading.
License:
Both compilers come under the GNU GPL.
Author:
Free Pascal was started by Florian Klaempfl, Germany (florian@freepascal.org), GNU Pascal was started by Jukka Virtanen, Finland (jtv@hut.fi).

4.
License and copyright information

Applications created by the compiler and using the runtime library come under a modified library gnu public license (LGPL), which permit no restriction on the type of license the application has. It is therefore possible to create closed source or proprietary software using Free Pascal.

This extra exception to the LGPL is added:
As a special exception, the copyright holders of this library give you permission to link this library with independent modules to produce an executable, regardless of the license terms of these independent modules, and to copy and distribute the resulting executable under terms of your choice, provided that you also meet, for each linked independent module, the terms and conditions of the license of that module. An independent module is a module which is not derived from or based on this library. If you modify this library, you may extend this exception to your version of the library, but you not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so, delete this exception statement from your version.
Please note that you still have to comply to the LGPL, which, for example, requires you to provide the source code of the runtime library. If you want to write proprietary closed source software, please do this to comply:
* Most people can satisfy the source code requirement by mentioning the rtl source code can be downloaded at the Free Pascal web site: if you did not modify the rtl this is considered adequate to satisfy the LGPL requirement of providing source code.
* If you made modifications to the runtime library, you cannot keep them for yourself, you must make them available if requested.
* Distribute the LGPL license with your product.

The compiler source code, on the other hand, comes under the GNU Public license, which means that any usage of the compiler source can only be used in software projects which have the same license.

5.
Getting the compiler

The latest official stable Free Pascal release is available for download from all official mirrors
6.
Free Pascal installation hints
* Do not install the compiler in a directory which contains spaces in its name, since some of the compiler tools do not like these

7.
Why do i have to supply a user name and password to get Free Pascal ?

You are trying to login in to an ftp site. You must use the login name: anonymous and as your password, you should put your e-mail address.
8.
Access denied error when connecting to the Free Pascal FTP site

The Free Pascal main ftp site can only accept a maximum number of simultaneous connections. If this error occurs, it is because this limit has been reached. The solution is either to wait and retry later, or better still use one of the Free Pascal mirror sites.
9.
Where can I find a text mode IDE?

The development of the IDE (integrated development environment) is not yet finished. However a working test version of the IDE is included with version 1.0.x and higher of the compiler. There might be problems running the DOS IDE under Windows NT and Windows 2000 (especially the debugger), in that case it is suggested to use the native Windows version.

The textmode IDE on *nix targets has several terminal problems. Try to use a real xterm as possible, and choose a font which has a Dos character set
10.
I want a new version NOW

In the time between the release of new official versions, you can have a look at and test developer versions (so-called "snapshots"). Be warned though: this is work under progress, so in addition to old bugs fixed and new features added, this may also contain new bugs.

Snapshots are generated automatically each night from the current source at that moment. Sometimes this may fail due to bigger changes not yet fully implemented. If your version doesn't work, try again one or two days later. You're advised not to download the GO32v1 version for Dos, since it's not supported any more.

The latest snapshot can always be downloaded from the development web page.
11.
Installing a snapshot

To install a snapshot, extract the zip archive into the existing program directory of the last official version of Free Pascal (after making a backup of the original of course). You can also extract it into an empty directory and then move the files to the program directory, overwriting existing files.

Make sure that you extract the ZIP archive such that the included directory structure remains intact. For example if you use PKUNZIP, use "pkunzip -d" instead of just "pkunzip". Note that snapshots also contain a new RTL which most likely can't be used with the previous release version, so backup your old RTL as well.
12.
Known bugs / Reporting bugs

Go to the bugs page.

If you wish to know the bugs for a specific Free Pascal version, go to the bugs page, display the bug database. At the end of the page you should see an option to view only specific bugs. Choose "With Version" with the version you want to get information about and "With Status" choose "Unfixed". This should display all bugs which are present in the specific version of the compiler you requested.
13.
I have to write a program for homework. Can you help?

No. Please, don't send us mail about homework, we are no teachers. The Free Pascal development team tries to give good support for the Free Pascal compiler and are trying to always reply to emails. If we get emails like this, this becomes harder and harder.
14.
How do I make a real Windows application with windows and menu bars?
The easiest way is to download Lazarus. It won't be just a Windows application, it will also work under Linux, FreeBSD and MacOS X.
15.
How do I make a game with Free Pascal? Can I make a game like Doom 3?
Yes, you can make games with Free Pascal and if you are really good you can make a game like Doom 3. Making games is difficult, you need to be an experienced programmer to make them. The web site www.pascalgamedevelopment.com is a community of people who program games in Free Pascal and Delphi.

If you want a start, please start to study JEDI-SDL or PTCPas. Also you can try to study an existing game, for example The Sheep Killer is a very simple game and it should not be very hard to understand its code.
16.
Getting more information when an application crashes
1. The easiest possibility is to recompile your program with -gl debugging option. This way unit LineInfo is automatically linked in, and the printout after a program crash then contains source line numbers in addition to addresses of the crash. To see runtime library (RTL) functions in the backtrace with their real name, you have to recompile the RTL with -gl too.
2. For more comprehensive checking, compile the program with debugging information (use the -g command line option)
3. Load the program in the debugger

gdb(pas)(w) --directory=<src dirs> myprog.exe

Notes:
* Under UNIX systems (Linux, the BSD's), don't add the ".exe" after myprog
* "src dirs" is a list of directories containing the source code files of myprog and the units it uses seperated by semi-colons (";"). The current directory is automatically included.
4. Once inside the debugger, you can (optionally) set the command line options that will be passed to your program using the command "set args <option1 option2 ...>"
5. To start the program, type "run" and press enter
6. After the program has crashed, the address of the instruction where the crash occurred will be shown. The debugger will try to display the source code line corresponding with this address. Note that this can be inside a procedure of the RTL, so the source may not always be available and most likely the RTL wasn't compiled with debugging information.
7. If you then type "bt" (BackTrace), the addreses in the call stack will be shown (the addresses of the procedures which were called before the program got to the current address). You can see which source code lines these present using the command

info line *<address>

For example:

info line *0x05bd8

17.
Increasing the heap size

By default Free Pascal allocates a small part of RAM for your application as heap memory. If it just allocated all it could get, people running Windows would have problems as Windows would increase the swap file size to give the program more memory on and on, until the swap file drive would be full.

You can specify the size of the heap with -Chxxxx.

However, the heap size doesn't really matter, since the Heap is able to grow: if you've used all the available heap space, the program will try to get more memory from the Operating system (OS), so the heap is limited to the maximum amount of free memory provided by the OS.

It is only handy if you know you will need at least a certain amount of memory. You can then specify this value using the -Ch parameter, so your program will allocate it at once on startup. This is slightly faster than growing the heap a number of times.
18.
Compiler seems to skip files in directories that -Fu points to

This sometimes happens with installation/compilation scripts if the copying command doesn't preserve dates. The object files get older than the PPU file, and the compiler tries to recompile them. A simple touch will solve it.

Also note that FPC, contrary to Turbo Pascal keeps track of includefiles. Modified includefiles or duplicate names might trigger an attempt at recompiling
19.
Why are the generated binaries so big?

There are several reasons and remedies for this:

1.

You can create smartlinked applications. To turn on the generation of smartlinkable units, use the -Cx command line option when compiling your units. To turn on the linking of previously generated smarlinkable units, use the -XX (-XS in 0.99.12 and earlier) command line option when compiling a program.
2. Normally, all symbol information is included in the resulting program (for easier debugging). You can remove this by using the -Xs command line option when compiling your program (it won't do anything when compiling units)
3. You can use UPX to pack the .EXEs (just like e.g. pklite) for Dos (GO32v2) and Windows targets. Look here for more info.
4. You can use LXLITE for packing EMX binaries, but you won't be able to run them under DOS (with extender) any more then. This issues is not relevant for native OS/2 binaries compiled for target OS2 with version 1.9.x and above, because these don't run under DOS anyway. In addition, it might not be possible to use compressed binaries on lower OS/2 versions (like 2.x) depending on chosen type of compression. LXLITE can be found e.g. on Hobbes, search for LXLITE.
5. Turn on optimalisations, both for supplied packages (RTL, FV, FCL) and for your own code, this will also decrease the code size.
6. Keep in mind that under NT,2000,XP, compressed binaries startup relatively slow. Test under various conditions (OS, CPU speed, memory) if the behaviour is acceptable before compressing

20.
Configuration file problems (fpc.cfg or ppc386.cfg)

Starting from version 1.0.6 of Free Pascal, the configuration file is now called fpc.cfg instead of ppc386.cfg. For backward compatibility , ppc386.cfg is still searched first and, if found, is used instead of fpc.cfg

Versions prior to Free Pascal 1.0.6 do not recognize fpc.cfg, so if you wish to use an earlier version of the compiler using the same configuration file used with FPC version 1.0.6 (or later), the configuration file should be renamed to ppc386.cfg
.
21.
Runtime errors

When there is abnormal termination of an application generated by Free Pascal, it is very probable that a runtime error will be generated. These errors have the form :

Runtime error 201 at 0x00010F86
0x00010F86 main, line 7 of testr.pas
0x0000206D

The 201 in this case indicates the runtime error number. The definition of the different runtime error numbers is described in the Free Pascal user's manual, Appendix D. The hexadecimal numbers represent the call stack when the error occured.
22.
Standard units

To see the list of base units supplied with Free Pascal, and on which platform they are supported, consult the Free Pascal user's manual. There is also a short description of what each unit does in the same section of the manual.
23.
How does the compiler work internally?
24.
Debugging smartlinked code does not fully work

Debugging smart linked code might not work correctly. This is due to the fact that no type information is emitted for smartlinked code. If this would not be done, the files would become enormous.

While debugging, it is not recommended to use the smartlinking option.
25.
Debugging shared library (dynamic linked library) code does not fully work

Debugging shared libraries (or dynamic linked libraries) produced by the Free Pascal compiler is not officially supported.
26.
PPU files binary compatibility between versions
Can't compile a program using a binary only version of a unit

Sometimes, even though there is a binary version of a module (unit file and object file) available, the compiler still gives compilation errors. This can be caused either by an incompatibility in the PPU file format (which should change only between major versions of the compiler), or by a change in one of the units of the RTL which has changed in between releases.

To get more information, compile the code using the -va (show all information) compiler switch, and the unit loading phase will be displayed. You might discover that the unit being loaded requires to be recompiled because one of the unit it uses has changed.

So if you plan on distributing a module without the source code, the binaries should be compiled and made available for all versions of the compiler you wish to support, otherwise compilation errors are bound to occur.

In other words, the unit (PPU) file format does not change significantly in between minor releases of the compiler (for exemple : from 1.0.4 and 1.0.6) which means they are binary compatible, but because the interface of the units of the RTL certainly changes between versions, recompilation will be required for each version anyways.
27.
File denied errors when opening files with reset

Trying to open files using reset on non-text files might cause a Runtime Error 5 (Access denied).

All files opened using the above system unit routine use the current filemode value to determine how the file is opened. By default, filemode is set to 2 (Read/Write access).

So, a call to reset on non-text files does not indicate that the file will be opened read-only. So, trying to open a file using reset with the defaults will fail on read-only files. filemode should be set to 0 (Real-only access) before calling reset to solve this problem. A sample solution is shown below.

const
{ possible values for filemode }
READ_ONLY = 0;
WRITE_ONLY = 1;
READ_WRITE = 2;
var
oldfilemode : byte;
f: file;
begin
assign(f,'myfile.txt');
oldfilemode := filemode;
{ reset will open read-only }
filemode := READ_ONLY;
reset(f,1);
{ restore file mode value }
filemode := oldfilemode;
// ...
close(f);
end.

For more information, consult the Free Pascal reference manual
28.
What about .NET?
Occasionally, users ask about a FPC that supports .NET, or our plans in that direction.

Mainly the users are either interested because of .NET's portability aspects (Mono is quoted over and over again), or because it is supposed to be the next big thing in Windows programming.

While the FPC core developpers are somewhat interested out of academic curiousity (mainly because it could be a pilot for creating bytecode) there are however several problems with .NET in combination with FPC:
1. FPC's language uses pointers, and so can only be unmanaged. Unmanaged code is not portable under .NET, so that already kills all possible benefits. This also means that existing FPC and Delphi code won't run on .NET.
2. FPC's libraries don't base on .NET classes and datamodels (and can't be changed to do so without effectively rewriting them), moreover the libraries could only be unmanaged too, or they would be incompatible
3. There is nothing practical known yet about how portable an average .NET code will be. Little experiments with hello world level code mean nothing, that kind of code works with plain C too.
4. Operating System dependant code wouldn't work anymore, since the win32 interface is unmanaged.

So effectively this means that for FPC to benefit from .NET you would have to significantly adapt the language (thus compiler) and libraries, and be incompatible with the existing native sourcecode. This is not adding support for .NET in FPC, but reimplementing FPC on .NET from near scratch without backwards compability. Moreover that also means that existing apps would have to be rewritten for .NET, since it would take more than a simple recompile with a FPC/.NET compiler.

While unmanaged code has some uses (allows to integrate with managed code inside windows easier), this still needs a codegenerator backend to be written, interfaces and libraries defined, for little practical use. This means a lot of work and since .NET take up is not really high, this might not be worth it, since an unmanaged FPC/.NET would only be minimally used.

However if a FPC user does the bulk of the work (e.g. a bytecode codegenerator, and maybe some base libraries) and if the work is suitable for inclusion in FPC (a very big if), we will of course include it.

These problems are pretty much similar for the Java (bytecode) too. One has to mutilate the language, and rewrite the libraries from scratch on the base libraries of the target (Java/.NET). Such an attempt would have little synergy with the FPC project as it is today.

input9
1:1 Ty esp mprtyytyr Rzo ncplepo esp splgpy lyo esp plces.
1:2 Lyo esp plces hld hteszfe qzcx, lyo gzto; lyo olcvypdd hld fazy esp qlnp zq esp oppa. Lyo esp Datcte zq Rzo xzgpo fazy esp qlnp zq esp hlepcd.
1:3 Lyo Rzo dlto, Wpe espcp mp wtrse: lyo espcp hld wtrse.
1:4 Lyo Rzo dlh esp wtrse, esle te hld rzzo: lyo Rzo otgtopo esp wtrse qczx esp olcvypdd.
1:5 Lyo Rzo nlwwpo esp wtrse Olj, lyo esp olcvypdd sp nlwwpo Ytrse. Lyo esp pgpytyr lyo esp xzcytyr hpcp esp qtcde olj.
1:6 Lyo Rzo dlto, Wpe espcp mp l qtcxlxpye ty esp xtode zq esp hlepcd, lyo wpe te otgtop esp hlepcd qczx esp hlepcd.
1:7 Lyo Rzo xlop esp qtcxlxpye, lyo otgtopo esp hlepcd hstns hpcp fyopc esp qtcxlxpye qczx esp hlepcd hstns hpcp lmzgp esp qtcxlxpye: lyo te hld dz.
1:8 Lyo Rzo nlwwpo esp qtcxlxpye Splgpy. Lyo esp pgpytyr lyo esp xzcytyr hpcp esp dpnzyo olj.
1:9 Lyo Rzo dlto, Wpe esp hlepcd fyopc esp splgpy mp rlespcpo ezrpespc fyez zyp awlnp, lyo wpe esp ocj wlyo laaplc: lyo te hld dz.
1:10 Lyo Rzo nlwwpo esp ocj wlyo Plces; lyo esp rlespctyr ezrpespc zq esp hlepcd nlwwpo sp Dpld: lyo Rzo dlh esle te hld rzzo.
1:11 Lyo Rzo dlto, Wpe esp plces mctyr qzces rcldd, esp spcm jtpwotyr dppo, lyo esp qcfte ecpp jtpwotyr qcfte lqepc std vtyo, hszdp dppo td ty tedpwq, fazy esp plces: lyo te hld dz.
1:12 Lyo esp plces mczfrse qzces rcldd, lyo spcm jtpwotyr dppo lqepc std vtyo, lyo esp ecpp jtpwotyr qcfte, hszdp dppo hld ty tedpwq, lqepc std vtyo: lyo Rzo dlh esle te hld rzzo.
1:13 Lyo esp pgpytyr lyo esp xzcytyr hpcp esp estco olj.
1:14 Lyo Rzo dlto, Wpe espcp mp wtrsed ty esp qtcxlxpye zq esp splgpy ez otgtop esp olj qczx esp ytrse; lyo wpe espx mp qzc dtryd, lyo qzc dpldzyd, lyo qzc oljd, lyo jplcd:
1:15 Lyo wpe espx mp qzc wtrsed ty esp qtcxlxpye zq esp splgpy ez rtgp wtrse fazy esp plces: lyo te hld dz.
1:16 Lyo Rzo xlop ehz rcple wtrsed; esp rcplepc wtrse ez cfwp esp olj, lyo esp wpddpc wtrse ez cfwp esp ytrse: sp xlop esp delcd lwdz.
1:17 Lyo Rzo dpe espx ty esp qtcxlxpye zq esp splgpy ez rtgp wtrse fazy esp plces,
1:18 Lyo ez cfwp zgpc esp olj lyo zgpc esp ytrse, lyo ez otgtop esp wtrse qczx esp olcvypdd: lyo Rzo dlh esle te hld rzzo.
1:19 Lyo esp pgpytyr lyo esp xzcytyr hpcp esp qzfces olj.
1:20 Lyo Rzo dlto, Wpe esp hlepcd mctyr qzces lmfyolyewj esp xzgtyr ncplefcp esle sles wtqp, lyo qzhw esle xlj qwj lmzgp esp plces ty esp zapy qtcxlxpye zq splgpy.
1:21 Lyo Rzo ncplepo rcple hslwpd, lyo pgpcj wtgtyr ncplefcp esle xzgpes, hstns esp hlepcd mczfrse qzces lmfyolyewj, lqepc esptc vtyo, lyo pgpcj htyrpo qzhw lqepc std vtyo: lyo Rzo dlh esle te hld rzzo.
1:22 Lyo Rzo mwpddpo espx, dljtyr, Mp qcfteqfw, lyo xfwetawj, lyo qtww esp hlepcd ty esp dpld, lyo wpe qzhw xfwetawj ty esp plces.
1:23 Lyo esp pgpytyr lyo esp xzcytyr hpcp esp qtqes olj.
1:24 Lyo Rzo dlto, Wpe esp plces mctyr qzces esp wtgtyr ncplefcp lqepc std vtyo, nleewp, lyo ncppatyr estyr, lyo mplde zq esp plces lqepc std vtyo: lyo te hld dz.
1:25 Lyo Rzo xlop esp mplde zq esp plces lqepc std vtyo, lyo nleewp lqepc esptc vtyo, lyo pgpcj estyr esle ncppapes fazy esp plces lqepc std vtyo: lyo Rzo dlh esle te hld rzzo.
1:26 Lyo Rzo dlto, Wpe fd xlvp xly ty zfc txlrp, lqepc zfc wtvpypdd: lyo wpe espx slgp ozxtytzy zgpc esp qtds zq esp dpl, lyo zgpc esp qzhw zq esp ltc, lyo zgpc esp nleewp, lyo zgpc lww esp plces, lyo zgpc pgpcj ncppatyr estyr esle ncppapes fazy esp plces.
1:27 Dz Rzo ncplepo xly ty std zhy txlrp, ty esp txlrp zq Rzo ncplepo sp stx; xlwp lyo qpxlwp ncplepo sp espx.
1:28 Lyo Rzo mwpddpo espx, lyo Rzo dlto fyez espx, Mp qcfteqfw, lyo xfwetawj, lyo cpawpytds esp plces, lyo dfmofp te: lyo slgp ozxtytzy zgpc esp qtds zq esp dpl, lyo zgpc esp qzhw zq esp ltc, lyo zgpc pgpcj wtgtyr estyr esle xzgpes fazy esp plces.
1:29 Lyo Rzo dlto, Mpszwo, T slgp rtgpy jzf pgpcj spcm mplctyr dppo, hstns td fazy esp qlnp zq lww esp plces, lyo pgpcj ecpp, ty esp hstns td esp qcfte zq l ecpp jtpwotyr dppo; ez jzf te dslww mp qzc xple.
1:30 Lyo ez pgpcj mplde zq esp plces, lyo ez pgpcj qzhw zq esp ltc, lyo ez pgpcj estyr esle ncppapes fazy esp plces, hspcpty espcp td wtqp, T slgp rtgpy pgpcj rcppy spcm qzc xple: lyo te hld dz.
1:31 Lyo Rzo dlh pgpcj estyr esle sp slo xlop, lyo, mpszwo, te hld gpcj rzzo. Lyo esp pgpytyr lyo esp xzcytyr hpcp esp dties olj.
2:1 Esfd esp splgpyd lyo esp plces hpcp qtytdspo, lyo lww esp szde zq espx.
2:2 Lyo zy esp dpgpyes olj Rzo pyopo std hzcv hstns sp slo xlop; lyo sp cpdepo zy esp dpgpyes olj qczx lww std hzcv hstns sp slo xlop.
2:3 Lyo Rzo mwpddpo esp dpgpyes olj, lyo dlynetqtpo te: mpnlfdp esle ty te sp slo cpdepo qczx lww std hzcv hstns Rzo ncplepo lyo xlop.
2:4 Espdp lcp esp rpypcletzyd zq esp splgpyd lyo zq esp plces hspy espj hpcp ncplepo, ty esp olj esle esp WZCO Rzo xlop esp plces lyo esp splgpyd,
2:5 Lyo pgpcj awlye zq esp qtpwo mpqzcp te hld ty esp plces, lyo pgpcj spcm zq esp qtpwo mpqzcp te rcph: qzc esp WZCO Rzo slo yze nlfdpo te ez clty fazy esp plces, lyo espcp hld yze l xly ez etww esp rczfyo.
2:6 Mfe espcp hpye fa l xtde qczx esp plces, lyo hlepcpo esp hszwp qlnp zq esp rczfyo.
2:7 Lyo esp WZCO Rzo qzcxpo xly zq esp ofde zq esp rczfyo, lyo mcplespo tyez std yzdectwd esp mcples zq wtqp; lyo xly mpnlxp l wtgtyr dzfw.
2:8 Lyo esp WZCO Rzo awlyepo l rlcopy pldehlco ty Popy; lyo espcp sp afe esp xly hszx sp slo qzcxpo.
2:9 Lyo zfe zq esp rczfyo xlop esp WZCO Rzo ez rczh pgpcj ecpp esle td awpldlye ez esp dtrse, lyo rzzo qzc qzzo; esp ecpp zq wtqp lwdz ty esp xtode zq esp rlcopy, lyo esp ecpp zq vyzhwporp zq rzzo lyo pgtw.
2:10 Lyo l ctgpc hpye zfe zq Popy ez hlepc esp rlcopy; lyo qczx espynp te hld alcepo, lyo mpnlxp tyez qzfc splod.
2:11 Esp ylxp zq esp qtcde td Atdzy: esle td te hstns nzxalddpes esp hszwp wlyo zq Slgtwls, hspcp espcp td rzwo;
2:12 Lyo esp rzwo zq esle wlyo td rzzo: espcp td mopwwtfx lyo esp zyji dezyp.
2:13 Lyo esp ylxp zq esp dpnzyo ctgpc td Rtszy: esp dlxp td te esle nzxalddpes esp hszwp wlyo zq Pestzatl.
2:14 Lyo esp ylxp zq esp estco ctgpc td Stoopvpw: esle td te hstns rzpes ezhlco esp plde zq Lddjctl. Lyo esp qzfces ctgpc td Pfasclepd.
2:15 Lyo esp WZCO Rzo ezzv esp xly, lyo afe stx tyez esp rlcopy zq Popy ez ocpdd te lyo ez vppa te.
2:16 Lyo esp WZCO Rzo nzxxlyopo esp xly, dljtyr, Zq pgpcj ecpp zq esp rlcopy eszf xljpde qcppwj ple:
2:17 Mfe zq esp ecpp zq esp vyzhwporp zq rzzo lyo pgtw, eszf dslwe yze ple zq te: qzc ty esp olj esle eszf plepde espcpzq eszf dslwe dfcpwj otp.
2:18 Lyo esp WZCO Rzo dlto, Te td yze rzzo esle esp xly dszfwo mp lwzyp; T htww xlvp stx ly spwa xppe qzc stx.
2:19 Lyo zfe zq esp rczfyo esp WZCO Rzo qzcxpo pgpcj mplde zq esp qtpwo, lyo pgpcj qzhw zq esp ltc; lyo mczfrse espx fyez Lolx ez dpp hsle sp hzfwo nlww espx: lyo hsledzpgpc Lolx nlwwpo pgpcj wtgtyr ncplefcp, esle hld esp ylxp espcpzq.
2:20 Lyo Lolx rlgp ylxpd ez lww nleewp, lyo ez esp qzhw zq esp ltc, lyo ez pgpcj mplde zq esp qtpwo; mfe qzc Lolx espcp hld yze qzfyo ly spwa xppe qzc stx.
2:21 Lyo esp WZCO Rzo nlfdpo l oppa dwppa ez qlww fazy Lolx, lyo sp dwpae: lyo sp ezzv zyp zq std ctmd, lyo nwzdpo fa esp qwpds tydeplo espcpzq;
2:22 Lyo esp ctm, hstns esp WZCO Rzo slo elvpy qczx xly, xlop sp l hzxly, lyo mczfrse spc fyez esp xly.
2:23 Lyo Lolx dlto, Estd td yzh mzyp zq xj mzypd, lyo qwpds zq xj qwpds: dsp dslww mp nlwwpo Hzxly, mpnlfdp dsp hld elvpy zfe zq Xly.
2:24 Espcpqzcp dslww l xly wplgp std qlespc lyo std xzespc, lyo dslww nwplgp fyez std htqp: lyo espj dslww mp zyp qwpds.
2:25 Lyo espj hpcp mzes ylvpo, esp xly lyo std htqp, lyo hpcp yze ldslxpo.
3:1 Yzh esp dpcapye hld xzcp dfmetw esly lyj mplde zq esp qtpwo hstns esp WZCO Rzo slo xlop. Lyo sp dlto fyez esp hzxly, Jpl, sles Rzo dlto, Jp dslww yze ple zq pgpcj ecpp zq esp rlcopy?
3:2 Lyo esp hzxly dlto fyez esp dpcapye, Hp xlj ple zq esp qcfte zq esp ecppd zq esp rlcopy:
3:3 Mfe zq esp qcfte zq esp ecpp hstns td ty esp xtode zq esp rlcopy, Rzo sles dlto, Jp dslww yze ple zq te, yptespc dslww jp ezfns te, wpde jp otp.
3:4 Lyo esp dpcapye dlto fyez esp hzxly, Jp dslww yze dfcpwj otp:
3:5 Qzc Rzo ozes vyzh esle ty esp olj jp ple espcpzq, espy jzfc pjpd dslww mp zapypo, lyo jp dslww mp ld rzod, vyzhtyr rzzo lyo pgtw.
3:6 Lyo hspy esp hzxly dlh esle esp ecpp hld rzzo qzc qzzo, lyo esle te hld awpldlye ez esp pjpd, lyo l ecpp ez mp opdtcpo ez xlvp zyp htdp, dsp ezzv zq esp qcfte espcpzq, lyo oto ple, lyo rlgp lwdz fyez spc sfdmlyo htes spc; lyo sp oto ple.
3:7 Lyo esp pjpd zq espx mzes hpcp zapypo, lyo espj vyph esle espj hpcp ylvpo; lyo espj dphpo qtr wplgpd ezrpespc, lyo xlop espxdpwgpd laczyd.
3:8 Lyo espj splco esp gztnp zq esp WZCO Rzo hlwvtyr ty esp rlcopy ty esp nzzw zq esp olj: lyo Lolx lyo std htqp sto espxdpwgpd qczx esp acpdpynp zq esp WZCO Rzo lxzyrde esp ecppd zq esp rlcopy.
3:9 Lyo esp WZCO Rzo nlwwpo fyez Lolx, lyo dlto fyez stx, Hspcp lce eszf?
3:10 Lyo sp dlto, T splco esj gztnp ty esp rlcopy, lyo T hld lqclto, mpnlfdp T hld ylvpo; lyo T sto xjdpwq.
3:11 Lyo sp dlto, Hsz ezwo espp esle eszf hlde ylvpo? Slde eszf plepy zq esp ecpp, hspcpzq T nzxxlyopo espp esle eszf dszfwopde yze ple?
3:12 Lyo esp xly dlto, Esp hzxly hszx eszf rlgpde ez mp htes xp, dsp rlgp xp zq esp ecpp, lyo T oto ple.
3:13 Lyo esp WZCO Rzo dlto fyez esp hzxly, Hsle td estd esle eszf slde ozyp? Lyo esp hzxly dlto, Esp dpcapye mprftwpo xp, lyo T oto ple.
3:14 Lyo esp WZCO Rzo dlto fyez esp dpcapye, Mpnlfdp eszf slde ozyp estd, eszf lce nfcdpo lmzgp lww nleewp, lyo lmzgp pgpcj mplde zq esp qtpwo; fazy esj mpwwj dslwe eszf rz, lyo ofde dslwe eszf ple lww esp oljd zq esj wtqp:
3:15 Lyo T htww afe pyxtej mpehppy espp lyo esp hzxly, lyo mpehppy esj dppo lyo spc dppo; te dslww mcftdp esj splo, lyo eszf dslwe mcftdp std sppw.
3:16 Fyez esp hzxly sp dlto, T htww rcplewj xfwetawj esj dzcczh lyo esj nzynpaetzy; ty dzcczh eszf dslwe mctyr qzces nstwocpy; lyo esj opdtcp dslww mp ez esj sfdmlyo, lyo sp dslww cfwp zgpc espp.
3:17 Lyo fyez Lolx sp dlto, Mpnlfdp eszf slde splcvpypo fyez esp gztnp zq esj htqp, lyo slde plepy zq esp ecpp, zq hstns T nzxxlyopo espp, dljtyr, Eszf dslwe yze ple zq te: nfcdpo td esp rczfyo qzc esj dlvp; ty dzcczh dslwe eszf ple zq te lww esp oljd zq esj wtqp;
3:18 Eszcyd lwdz lyo estdewpd dslww te mctyr qzces ez espp; lyo eszf dslwe ple esp spcm zq esp qtpwo;
3:19 Ty esp dhple zq esj qlnp dslwe eszf ple mcplo, etww eszf cpefcy fyez esp rczfyo; qzc zfe zq te hlde eszf elvpy: qzc ofde eszf lce, lyo fyez ofde dslwe eszf cpefcy.
3:20 Lyo Lolx nlwwpo std htqp'd ylxp Pgp; mpnlfdp dsp hld esp xzespc zq lww wtgtyr.
3:21 Fyez Lolx lwdz lyo ez std htqp oto esp WZCO Rzo xlvp nzled zq dvtyd, lyo nwzespo espx.
3:22 Lyo esp WZCO Rzo dlto, Mpszwo, esp xly td mpnzxp ld zyp zq fd, ez vyzh rzzo lyo pgtw: lyo yzh, wpde sp afe qzces std slyo, lyo elvp lwdz zq esp ecpp zq wtqp, lyo ple, lyo wtgp qzc pgpc:
3:23 Espcpqzcp esp WZCO Rzo dpye stx qzces qczx esp rlcopy zq Popy, ez etww esp rczfyo qczx hspynp sp hld elvpy.
3:24 Dz sp oczgp zfe esp xly; lyo sp awlnpo le esp plde zq esp rlcopy zq Popy Nspcfmtxd, lyo l qwlxtyr dhzco hstns efcypo pgpcj hlj, ez vppa esp hlj zq esp ecpp zq wtqp.
4:1 Lyo Lolx vyph Pgp std htqp; lyo dsp nzynptgpo, lyo mlcp Nlty, lyo dlto, T slgp rzeepy l xly qczx esp WZCO.
4:2 Lyo dsp lrlty mlcp std mczespc Lmpw. Lyo Lmpw hld l vppapc zq dsppa, mfe Nlty hld l etwwpc zq esp rczfyo.
4:3 Lyo ty acznpdd zq etxp te nlxp ez aldd, esle Nlty mczfrse zq esp qcfte zq esp rczfyo ly zqqpctyr fyez esp WZCO.
4:4 Lyo Lmpw, sp lwdz mczfrse zq esp qtcdewtyrd zq std qwznv lyo zq esp qle espcpzq. Lyo esp WZCO slo cpdapne fyez Lmpw lyo ez std zqqpctyr:
4:5 Mfe fyez Nlty lyo ez std zqqpctyr sp slo yze cpdapne. Lyo Nlty hld gpcj hczes, lyo std nzfyepylynp qpww.
4:6 Lyo esp WZCO dlto fyez Nlty, Hsj lce eszf hczes? lyo hsj td esj nzfyepylynp qlwwpy?
4:7 Tq eszf ozpde hpww, dslwe eszf yze mp lnnpaepo? lyo tq eszf ozpde yze hpww, dty wtpes le esp ozzc. Lyo fyez espp dslww mp std opdtcp, lyo eszf dslwe cfwp zgpc stx.
4:8 Lyo Nlty elwvpo htes Lmpw std mczespc: lyo te nlxp ez aldd, hspy espj hpcp ty esp qtpwo, esle Nlty czdp fa lrltyde Lmpw std mczespc, lyo dwph stx.
4:9 Lyo esp WZCO dlto fyez Nlty, Hspcp td Lmpw esj mczespc? Lyo sp dlto, T vyzh yze: Lx T xj mczespc'd vppapc?
4:10 Lyo sp dlto, Hsle slde eszf ozyp? esp gztnp zq esj mczespc'd mwzzo nctpes fyez xp qczx esp rczfyo.
4:11 Lyo yzh lce eszf nfcdpo qczx esp plces, hstns sles zapypo spc xzfes ez cpnptgp esj mczespc'd mwzzo qczx esj slyo;
4:12 Hspy eszf etwwpde esp rczfyo, te dslww yze spynpqzces jtpwo fyez espp spc decpyres; l qfrtetgp lyo l glrlmzyo dslwe eszf mp ty esp plces.
4:13 Lyo Nlty dlto fyez esp WZCO, Xj afytdsxpye td rcplepc esly T nly mplc.
4:14 Mpszwo, eszf slde octgpy xp zfe estd olj qczx esp qlnp zq esp plces; lyo qczx esj qlnp dslww T mp sto; lyo T dslww mp l qfrtetgp lyo l glrlmzyo ty esp plces; lyo te dslww nzxp ez aldd, esle pgpcj zyp esle qtyopes xp dslww dwlj xp.
4:15 Lyo esp WZCO dlto fyez stx, Espcpqzcp hszdzpgpc dwljpes Nlty, gpyrplynp dslww mp elvpy zy stx dpgpyqzwo. Lyo esp WZCO dpe l xlcv fazy Nlty, wpde lyj qtyotyr stx dszfwo vtww stx.
4:16 Lyo Nlty hpye zfe qczx esp acpdpynp zq esp WZCO, lyo ohpwe ty esp wlyo zq Yzo, zy esp plde zq Popy.
4:17 Lyo Nlty vyph std htqp; lyo dsp nzynptgpo, lyo mlcp Pyzns: lyo sp mftwopo l ntej, lyo nlwwpo esp ylxp zq esp ntej, lqepc esp ylxp zq std dzy, Pyzns.
4:18 Lyo fyez Pyzns hld mzcy Tclo: lyo Tclo mprle Xpsfulpw: lyo Xpsfulpw mprle Xpesfdlpw: lyo Xpesfdlpw mprle Wlxpns.
4:19 Lyo Wlxpns ezzv fyez stx ehz htgpd: esp ylxp zq esp zyp hld Lols, lyo esp ylxp zq esp zespc Ktwwls.
4:20 Lyo Lols mlcp Ulmlw: sp hld esp qlespc zq dfns ld ohpww ty epyed, lyo zq dfns ld slgp nleewp.
4:21 Lyo std mczespc'd ylxp hld Ufmlw: sp hld esp qlespc zq lww dfns ld slyowp esp slca lyo zcrly.
4:22 Lyo Ktwwls, dsp lwdz mlcp Efmlwnlty, ly tydecfnepc zq pgpcj lcetqtnpc ty mcldd lyo tczy: lyo esp dtdepc zq Efmlwnlty hld Yllxls.
4:23 Lyo Wlxpns dlto fyez std htgpd, Lols lyo Ktwwls, Splc xj gztnp; jp htgpd zq Wlxpns, splcvpy fyez xj dappns: qzc T slgp dwlty l xly ez xj hzfyotyr, lyo l jzfyr xly ez xj sfce.
4:24 Tq Nlty dslww mp lgpyrpo dpgpyqzwo, ecfwj Wlxpns dpgpyej lyo dpgpyqzwo.
4:25 Lyo Lolx vyph std htqp lrlty; lyo dsp mlcp l dzy, lyo nlwwpo std ylxp Dpes: Qzc Rzo, dlto dsp, sles laaztyepo xp lyzespc dppo tydeplo zq Lmpw, hszx Nlty dwph.
4:26 Lyo ez Dpes, ez stx lwdz espcp hld mzcy l dzy; lyo sp nlwwpo std ylxp Pyzd: espy mprly xpy ez nlww fazy esp ylxp zq esp WZCO.
5:1 Estd td esp mzzv zq esp rpypcletzyd zq Lolx. Ty esp olj esle Rzo ncplepo xly, ty esp wtvpypdd zq Rzo xlop sp stx;
5:2 Xlwp lyo qpxlwp ncplepo sp espx; lyo mwpddpo espx, lyo nlwwpo esptc ylxp Lolx, ty esp olj hspy espj hpcp ncplepo.
5:3 Lyo Lolx wtgpo ly sfyocpo lyo estcej jplcd, lyo mprle l dzy ty std zhy wtvpypdd, lqepc std txlrp; lyo nlwwpo std ylxp Dpes:
5:4 Lyo esp oljd zq Lolx lqepc sp slo mprzeepy Dpes hpcp ptrse sfyocpo jplcd: lyo sp mprle dzyd lyo olfrsepcd:
5:5 Lyo lww esp oljd esle Lolx wtgpo hpcp ytyp sfyocpo lyo estcej jplcd: lyo sp otpo.
5:6 Lyo Dpes wtgpo ly sfyocpo lyo qtgp jplcd, lyo mprle Pyzd:
5:7 Lyo Dpes wtgpo lqepc sp mprle Pyzd ptrse sfyocpo lyo dpgpy jplcd, lyo mprle dzyd lyo olfrsepcd:
5:8 Lyo lww esp oljd zq Dpes hpcp ytyp sfyocpo lyo ehpwgp jplcd: lyo sp otpo.
5:9 Lyo Pyzd wtgpo ytypej jplcd, lyo mprle Nltyly:
5:10 Lyo Pyzd wtgpo lqepc sp mprle Nltyly ptrse sfyocpo lyo qtqeppy jplcd, lyo mprle dzyd lyo olfrsepcd:
5:11 Lyo lww esp oljd zq Pyzd hpcp ytyp sfyocpo lyo qtgp jplcd: lyo sp otpo.
5:12 Lyo Nltyly wtgpo dpgpyej jplcd, lyo mprle Xlslwlwppw:
5:13 Lyo Nltyly wtgpo lqepc sp mprle Xlslwlwppw ptrse sfyocpo lyo qzcej jplcd, lyo mprle dzyd lyo olfrsepcd:
5:14 Lyo lww esp oljd zq Nltyly hpcp ytyp sfyocpo lyo epy jplcd: lyo sp otpo.
5:15 Lyo Xlslwlwppw wtgpo dtiej lyo qtgp jplcd, lyo mprle Ulcpo:
5:16 Lyo Xlslwlwppw wtgpo lqepc sp mprle Ulcpo ptrse sfyocpo lyo estcej jplcd, lyo mprle dzyd lyo olfrsepcd:
5:17 Lyo lww esp oljd zq Xlslwlwppw hpcp ptrse sfyocpo ytypej lyo qtgp jplcd: lyo sp otpo.
5:18 Lyo Ulcpo wtgpo ly sfyocpo dtiej lyo ehz jplcd, lyo sp mprle Pyzns:
5:19 Lyo Ulcpo wtgpo lqepc sp mprle Pyzns ptrse sfyocpo jplcd, lyo mprle dzyd lyo olfrsepcd:
5:20 Lyo lww esp oljd zq Ulcpo hpcp ytyp sfyocpo dtiej lyo ehz jplcd: lyo sp otpo.
5:21 Lyo Pyzns wtgpo dtiej lyo qtgp jplcd, lyo mprle Xpesfdpwls:
5:22 Lyo Pyzns hlwvpo htes Rzo lqepc sp mprle Xpesfdpwls escpp sfyocpo jplcd, lyo mprle dzyd lyo olfrsepcd:
5:23 Lyo lww esp oljd zq Pyzns hpcp escpp sfyocpo dtiej lyo qtgp jplcd:
5:24 Lyo Pyzns hlwvpo htes Rzo: lyo sp hld yze; qzc Rzo ezzv stx.
5:25 Lyo Xpesfdpwls wtgpo ly sfyocpo ptrsej lyo dpgpy jplcd, lyo mprle Wlxpns:
5:26 Lyo Xpesfdpwls wtgpo lqepc sp mprle Wlxpns dpgpy sfyocpo ptrsej lyo ehz jplcd, lyo mprle dzyd lyo olfrsepcd:
5:27 Lyo lww esp oljd zq Xpesfdpwls hpcp ytyp sfyocpo dtiej lyo ytyp jplcd: lyo sp otpo.
5:28 Lyo Wlxpns wtgpo ly sfyocpo ptrsej lyo ehz jplcd, lyo mprle l dzy:
5:29 Lyo sp nlwwpo std ylxp Yzls, dljtyr, Estd dlxp dslww nzxqzce fd nzynpcytyr zfc hzcv lyo eztw zq zfc slyod, mpnlfdp zq esp rczfyo hstns esp WZCO sles nfcdpo.
5:30 Lyo Wlxpns wtgpo lqepc sp mprle Yzls qtgp sfyocpo ytypej lyo qtgp jplcd, lyo mprle dzyd lyo olfrsepcd:
5:31 Lyo lww esp oljd zq Wlxpns hpcp dpgpy sfyocpo dpgpyej lyo dpgpy jplcd: lyo sp otpo.
5:32 Lyo Yzls hld qtgp sfyocpo jplcd zwo: lyo Yzls mprle Dspx, Slx, lyo Ulaspes.
6:1 Lyo te nlxp ez aldd, hspy xpy mprly ez xfwetawj zy esp qlnp zq esp plces, lyo olfrsepcd hpcp mzcy fyez espx,
6:2 Esle esp dzyd zq Rzo dlh esp olfrsepcd zq xpy esle espj hpcp qltc; lyo espj ezzv espx htgpd zq lww hstns espj nszdp.
6:3 Lyo esp WZCO dlto, Xj datcte dslww yze lwhljd dectgp htes xly, qzc esle sp lwdz td qwpds: jpe std oljd dslww mp ly sfyocpo lyo ehpyej jplcd.
6:4 Espcp hpcp rtlyed ty esp plces ty eszdp oljd; lyo lwdz lqepc esle, hspy esp dzyd zq Rzo nlxp ty fyez esp olfrsepcd zq xpy, lyo espj mlcp nstwocpy ez espx, esp dlxp mpnlxp xtrsej xpy hstns hpcp zq zwo, xpy zq cpyzhy.
6:5 Lyo Rzo dlh esle esp htnvpoypdd zq xly hld rcple ty esp plces, lyo esle pgpcj txlrtyletzy zq esp eszfrsed zq std splce hld zywj pgtw nzyetyflwwj.
6:6 Lyo te cpapyepo esp WZCO esle sp slo xlop xly zy esp plces, lyo te rctpgpo stx le std splce.
6:7 Lyo esp WZCO dlto, T htww opdeczj xly hszx T slgp ncplepo qczx esp qlnp zq esp plces; mzes xly, lyo mplde, lyo esp ncppatyr estyr, lyo esp qzhwd zq esp ltc; qzc te cpapyepes xp esle T slgp xlop espx.
6:8 Mfe Yzls qzfyo rclnp ty esp pjpd zq esp WZCO.
6:9 Espdp lcp esp rpypcletzyd zq Yzls: Yzls hld l ufde xly lyo apcqpne ty std rpypcletzyd, lyo Yzls hlwvpo htes Rzo.
6:10 Lyo Yzls mprle escpp dzyd, Dspx, Slx, lyo Ulaspes.
6:11 Esp plces lwdz hld nzccfae mpqzcp Rzo, lyo esp plces hld qtwwpo htes gtzwpynp.
6:12 Lyo Rzo wzzvpo fazy esp plces, lyo, mpszwo, te hld nzccfae; qzc lww qwpds slo nzccfaepo std hlj fazy esp plces.
6:13 Lyo Rzo dlto fyez Yzls, Esp pyo zq lww qwpds td nzxp mpqzcp xp; qzc esp plces td qtwwpo htes gtzwpynp esczfrs espx; lyo, mpszwo, T htww opdeczj espx htes esp plces.
6:14 Xlvp espp ly lcv zq rzaspc hzzo; czzxd dslwe eszf xlvp ty esp lcv, lyo dslwe atens te htesty lyo hteszfe htes atens.
6:15 Lyo estd td esp qldstzy hstns eszf dslwe xlvp te zq: Esp wpyres zq esp lcv dslww mp escpp sfyocpo nfmted, esp mcploes zq te qtqej nfmted, lyo esp sptrse zq te estcej nfmted.
6:16 L htyozh dslwe eszf xlvp ez esp lcv, lyo ty l nfmte dslwe eszf qtytds te lmzgp; lyo esp ozzc zq esp lcv dslwe eszf dpe ty esp dtop espcpzq; htes wzhpc, dpnzyo, lyo estco dezctpd dslwe eszf xlvp te.
6:17 Lyo, mpszwo, T, pgpy T, oz mctyr l qwzzo zq hlepcd fazy esp plces, ez opdeczj lww qwpds, hspcpty td esp mcples zq wtqp, qczx fyopc splgpy; lyo pgpcj estyr esle td ty esp plces dslww otp.
6:18 Mfe htes espp htww T pdelmwtds xj nzgpylye; lyo eszf dslwe nzxp tyez esp lcv, eszf, lyo esj dzyd, lyo esj htqp, lyo esj dzyd' htgpd htes espp.
6:19 Lyo zq pgpcj wtgtyr estyr zq lww qwpds, ehz zq pgpcj dzce dslwe eszf mctyr tyez esp lcv, ez vppa espx lwtgp htes espp; espj dslww mp xlwp lyo qpxlwp.
6:20 Zq qzhwd lqepc esptc vtyo, lyo zq nleewp lqepc esptc vtyo, zq pgpcj ncppatyr estyr zq esp plces lqepc std vtyo, ehz zq pgpcj dzce dslww nzxp fyez espp, ez vppa espx lwtgp.
6:21 Lyo elvp eszf fyez espp zq lww qzzo esle td plepy, lyo eszf dslwe rlespc te ez espp; lyo te dslww mp qzc qzzo qzc espp, lyo qzc espx.
6:22 Esfd oto Yzls; lnnzcotyr ez lww esle Rzo nzxxlyopo stx, dz oto sp.
7:1 Lyo esp WZCO dlto fyez Yzls, Nzxp eszf lyo lww esj szfdp tyez esp lcv; qzc espp slgp T dppy ctrsepzfd mpqzcp xp ty estd rpypcletzy.
7:2 Zq pgpcj nwply mplde eszf dslwe elvp ez espp mj dpgpyd, esp xlwp lyo std qpxlwp: lyo zq mplded esle lcp yze nwply mj ehz, esp xlwp lyo std qpxlwp.
7:3 Zq qzhwd lwdz zq esp ltc mj dpgpyd, esp xlwp lyo esp qpxlwp; ez vppa dppo lwtgp fazy esp qlnp zq lww esp plces.
7:4 Qzc jpe dpgpy oljd, lyo T htww nlfdp te ez clty fazy esp plces qzcej oljd lyo qzcej ytrsed; lyo pgpcj wtgtyr dfmdelynp esle T slgp xlop htww T opdeczj qczx zqq esp qlnp zq esp plces.
7:5 Lyo Yzls oto lnnzcotyr fyez lww esle esp WZCO nzxxlyopo stx.
7:6 Lyo Yzls hld dti sfyocpo jplcd zwo hspy esp qwzzo zq hlepcd hld fazy esp plces.
7:7 Lyo Yzls hpye ty, lyo std dzyd, lyo std htqp, lyo std dzyd' htgpd htes stx, tyez esp lcv, mpnlfdp zq esp hlepcd zq esp qwzzo.
7:8 Zq nwply mplded, lyo zq mplded esle lcp yze nwply, lyo zq qzhwd, lyo zq pgpcj estyr esle ncppapes fazy esp plces,
7:9 Espcp hpye ty ehz lyo ehz fyez Yzls tyez esp lcv, esp xlwp lyo esp qpxlwp, ld Rzo slo nzxxlyopo Yzls.
7:10 Lyo te nlxp ez aldd lqepc dpgpy oljd, esle esp hlepcd zq esp qwzzo hpcp fazy esp plces.
7:11 Ty esp dti sfyocpoes jplc zq Yzls'd wtqp, ty esp dpnzyo xzyes, esp dpgpyeppyes olj zq esp xzyes, esp dlxp olj hpcp lww esp qzfyeltyd zq esp rcple oppa mczvpy fa, lyo esp htyozhd zq splgpy hpcp zapypo.
7:12 Lyo esp clty hld fazy esp plces qzcej oljd lyo qzcej ytrsed.
7:13 Ty esp dpwqdlxp olj pyepcpo Yzls, lyo Dspx, lyo Slx, lyo Ulaspes, esp dzyd zq Yzls, lyo Yzls'd htqp, lyo esp escpp htgpd zq std dzyd htes espx, tyez esp lcv;
7:14 Espj, lyo pgpcj mplde lqepc std vtyo, lyo lww esp nleewp lqepc esptc vtyo, lyo pgpcj ncppatyr estyr esle ncppapes fazy esp plces lqepc std vtyo, lyo pgpcj qzhw lqepc std vtyo, pgpcj mtco zq pgpcj dzce.
7:15 Lyo espj hpye ty fyez Yzls tyez esp lcv, ehz lyo ehz zq lww qwpds, hspcpty td esp mcples zq wtqp.
7:16 Lyo espj esle hpye ty, hpye ty xlwp lyo qpxlwp zq lww qwpds, ld Rzo slo nzxxlyopo stx: lyo esp WZCO dsfe stx ty.
7:17 Lyo esp qwzzo hld qzcej oljd fazy esp plces; lyo esp hlepcd tyncpldpo, lyo mlcp fa esp lcv, lyo te hld wtqe fa lmzgp esp plces.
7:18 Lyo esp hlepcd acpgltwpo, lyo hpcp tyncpldpo rcplewj fazy esp plces; lyo esp lcv hpye fazy esp qlnp zq esp hlepcd.
7:19 Lyo esp hlepcd acpgltwpo pinppotyrwj fazy esp plces; lyo lww esp strs stwwd, esle hpcp fyopc esp hszwp splgpy, hpcp nzgpcpo.
7:20 Qtqeppy nfmted fahlco oto esp hlepcd acpgltw; lyo esp xzfyeltyd hpcp nzgpcpo.
7:21 Lyo lww qwpds otpo esle xzgpo fazy esp plces, mzes zq qzhw, lyo zq nleewp, lyo zq mplde, lyo zq pgpcj ncppatyr estyr esle ncppapes fazy esp plces, lyo pgpcj xly:
7:22 Lww ty hszdp yzdectwd hld esp mcples zq wtqp, zq lww esle hld ty esp ocj wlyo, otpo.
7:23 Lyo pgpcj wtgtyr dfmdelynp hld opdeczjpo hstns hld fazy esp qlnp zq esp rczfyo, mzes xly, lyo nleewp, lyo esp ncppatyr estyrd, lyo esp qzhw zq esp splgpy; lyo espj hpcp opdeczjpo qczx esp plces: lyo Yzls zywj cpxltypo lwtgp, lyo espj esle hpcp htes stx ty esp lcv.
7:24 Lyo esp hlepcd acpgltwpo fazy esp plces ly sfyocpo lyo qtqej oljd.
8:1 Lyo Rzo cpxpxmpcpo Yzls, lyo pgpcj wtgtyr estyr, lyo lww esp nleewp esle hld htes stx ty esp lcv: lyo Rzo xlop l htyo ez aldd zgpc esp plces, lyo esp hlepcd lddhlrpo;
8:2 Esp qzfyeltyd lwdz zq esp oppa lyo esp htyozhd zq splgpy hpcp dezaapo, lyo esp clty qczx splgpy hld cpdecltypo;
8:3 Lyo esp hlepcd cpefcypo qczx zqq esp plces nzyetyflwwj: lyo lqepc esp pyo zq esp sfyocpo lyo qtqej oljd esp hlepcd hpcp lmlepo.
8:4 Lyo esp lcv cpdepo ty esp dpgpyes xzyes, zy esp dpgpyeppyes olj zq esp xzyes, fazy esp xzfyeltyd zq Lclcle.
8:5 Lyo esp hlepcd opncpldpo nzyetyflwwj fyetw esp epyes xzyes: ty esp epyes xzyes, zy esp qtcde olj zq esp xzyes, hpcp esp ezad zq esp xzfyeltyd dppy.
8:6 Lyo te nlxp ez aldd le esp pyo zq qzcej oljd, esle Yzls zapypo esp htyozh zq esp lcv hstns sp slo xlop:
8:7 Lyo sp dpye qzces l clgpy, hstns hpye qzces ez lyo qcz, fyetw esp hlepcd hpcp octpo fa qczx zqq esp plces.
8:8 Lwdz sp dpye qzces l ozgp qczx stx, ez dpp tq esp hlepcd hpcp lmlepo qczx zqq esp qlnp zq esp rczfyo;
8:9 Mfe esp ozgp qzfyo yz cpde qzc esp dzwp zq spc qzze, lyo dsp cpefcypo fyez stx tyez esp lcv, qzc esp hlepcd hpcp zy esp qlnp zq esp hszwp plces: espy sp afe qzces std slyo, lyo ezzv spc, lyo afwwpo spc ty fyez stx tyez esp lcv.
8:10 Lyo sp deljpo jpe zespc dpgpy oljd; lyo lrlty sp dpye qzces esp ozgp zfe zq esp lcv;
8:11 Lyo esp ozgp nlxp ty ez stx ty esp pgpytyr; lyo, wz, ty spc xzfes hld ly zwtgp wplq awfnve zqq: dz Yzls vyph esle esp hlepcd hpcp lmlepo qczx zqq esp plces.
8:12 Lyo sp deljpo jpe zespc dpgpy oljd; lyo dpye qzces esp ozgp; hstns cpefcypo yze lrlty fyez stx lyj xzcp.
8:13 Lyo te nlxp ez aldd ty esp dti sfyocpoes lyo qtcde jplc, ty esp qtcde xzyes, esp qtcde olj zq esp xzyes, esp hlepcd hpcp octpo fa qczx zqq esp plces: lyo Yzls cpxzgpo esp nzgpctyr zq esp lcv, lyo wzzvpo, lyo, mpszwo, esp qlnp zq esp rczfyo hld ocj.
8:14 Lyo ty esp dpnzyo xzyes, zy esp dpgpy lyo ehpyetpes olj zq esp xzyes, hld esp plces octpo.
8:15 Lyo Rzo dalvp fyez Yzls, dljtyr,
8:16 Rz qzces zq esp lcv, eszf, lyo esj htqp, lyo esj dzyd, lyo esj dzyd' htgpd htes espp.
8:17 Mctyr qzces htes espp pgpcj wtgtyr estyr esle td htes espp, zq lww qwpds, mzes zq qzhw, lyo zq nleewp, lyo zq pgpcj ncppatyr estyr esle ncppapes fazy esp plces; esle espj xlj mcppo lmfyolyewj ty esp plces, lyo mp qcfteqfw, lyo xfwetawj fazy esp plces.
8:18 Lyo Yzls hpye qzces, lyo std dzyd, lyo std htqp, lyo std dzyd' htgpd htes stx:
8:19 Pgpcj mplde, pgpcj ncppatyr estyr, lyo pgpcj qzhw, lyo hsledzpgpc ncppapes fazy esp plces, lqepc esptc vtyod, hpye qzces zfe zq esp lcv.
8:20 Lyo Yzls mftwopo ly lwelc fyez esp WZCO; lyo ezzv zq pgpcj nwply mplde, lyo zq pgpcj nwply qzhw, lyo zqqpcpo mfcye zqqpctyrd zy esp lwelc.
8:21 Lyo esp WZCO dxpwwpo l dhppe dlgzfc; lyo esp WZCO dlto ty std splce, T htww yze lrlty nfcdp esp rczfyo lyj xzcp qzc xly'd dlvp; qzc esp txlrtyletzy zq xly'd splce td pgtw qczx std jzfes; yptespc htww T lrlty dxtep lyj xzcp pgpcj estyr wtgtyr, ld T slgp ozyp.
8:22 Hstwp esp plces cpxltypes, dppoetxp lyo slcgpde, lyo nzwo lyo sple, lyo dfxxpc lyo htyepc, lyo olj lyo ytrse dslww yze npldp.
9:1 Lyo Rzo mwpddpo Yzls lyo std dzyd, lyo dlto fyez espx, Mp qcfteqfw, lyo xfwetawj, lyo cpawpytds esp plces.
9:2 Lyo esp qplc zq jzf lyo esp ocplo zq jzf dslww mp fazy pgpcj mplde zq esp plces, lyo fazy pgpcj qzhw zq esp ltc, fazy lww esle xzgpes fazy esp plces, lyo fazy lww esp qtdspd zq esp dpl; tyez jzfc slyo lcp espj opwtgpcpo.
9:3 Pgpcj xzgtyr estyr esle wtgpes dslww mp xple qzc jzf; pgpy ld esp rcppy spcm slgp T rtgpy jzf lww estyrd.
9:4 Mfe qwpds htes esp wtqp espcpzq, hstns td esp mwzzo espcpzq, dslww jp yze ple.
9:5 Lyo dfcpwj jzfc mwzzo zq jzfc wtgpd htww T cpbftcp; le esp slyo zq pgpcj mplde htww T cpbftcp te, lyo le esp slyo zq xly; le esp slyo zq pgpcj xly'd mczespc htww T cpbftcp esp wtqp zq xly.
9:6 Hszdz dspoopes xly'd mwzzo, mj xly dslww std mwzzo mp dspo: qzc ty esp txlrp zq Rzo xlop sp xly.
9:7 Lyo jzf, mp jp qcfteqfw, lyo xfwetawj; mctyr qzces lmfyolyewj ty esp plces, lyo xfwetawj espcpty.
9:8 Lyo Rzo dalvp fyez Yzls, lyo ez std dzyd htes stx, dljtyr,
9:9 Lyo T, mpszwo, T pdelmwtds xj nzgpylye htes jzf, lyo htes jzfc dppo lqepc jzf;
9:10 Lyo htes pgpcj wtgtyr ncplefcp esle td htes jzf, zq esp qzhw, zq esp nleewp, lyo zq pgpcj mplde zq esp plces htes jzf; qczx lww esle rz zfe zq esp lcv, ez pgpcj mplde zq esp plces.
9:11 Lyo T htww pdelmwtds xj nzgpylye htes jzf; yptespc dslww lww qwpds mp nfe zqq lyj xzcp mj esp hlepcd zq l qwzzo; yptespc dslww espcp lyj xzcp mp l qwzzo ez opdeczj esp plces.
9:12 Lyo Rzo dlto, Estd td esp ezvpy zq esp nzgpylye hstns T xlvp mpehppy xp lyo jzf lyo pgpcj wtgtyr ncplefcp esle td htes jzf, qzc apcapeflw rpypcletzyd:
9:13 T oz dpe xj mzh ty esp nwzfo, lyo te dslww mp qzc l ezvpy zq l nzgpylye mpehppy xp lyo esp plces.
9:14 Lyo te dslww nzxp ez aldd, hspy T mctyr l nwzfo zgpc esp plces, esle esp mzh dslww mp dppy ty esp nwzfo:
9:15 Lyo T htww cpxpxmpc xj nzgpylye, hstns td mpehppy xp lyo jzf lyo pgpcj wtgtyr ncplefcp zq lww qwpds; lyo esp hlepcd dslww yz xzcp mpnzxp l qwzzo ez opdeczj lww qwpds.
9:16 Lyo esp mzh dslww mp ty esp nwzfo; lyo T htww wzzv fazy te, esle T xlj cpxpxmpc esp pgpcwldetyr nzgpylye mpehppy Rzo lyo pgpcj wtgtyr ncplefcp zq lww qwpds esle td fazy esp plces.
9:17 Lyo Rzo dlto fyez Yzls, Estd td esp ezvpy zq esp nzgpylye, hstns T slgp pdelmwtdspo mpehppy xp lyo lww qwpds esle td fazy esp plces.
9:18 Lyo esp dzyd zq Yzls, esle hpye qzces zq esp lcv, hpcp Dspx, lyo Slx, lyo Ulaspes: lyo Slx td esp qlespc zq Nlylly.
9:19 Espdp lcp esp escpp dzyd zq Yzls: lyo zq espx hld esp hszwp plces zgpcdacplo.
9:20 Lyo Yzls mprly ez mp ly sfdmlyoxly, lyo sp awlyepo l gtypjlco:
9:21 Lyo sp oclyv zq esp htyp, lyo hld ocfyvpy; lyo sp hld fynzgpcpo htesty std epye.
9:22 Lyo Slx, esp qlespc zq Nlylly, dlh esp ylvpoypdd zq std qlespc, lyo ezwo std ehz mcpescpy hteszfe.
9:23 Lyo Dspx lyo Ulaspes ezzv l rlcxpye, lyo wlto te fazy mzes esptc dszfwopcd, lyo hpye mlnvhlco, lyo nzgpcpo esp ylvpoypdd zq esptc qlespc; lyo esptc qlnpd hpcp mlnvhlco, lyo espj dlh yze esptc qlespc'd ylvpoypdd.
9:24 Lyo Yzls lhzvp qczx std htyp, lyo vyph hsle std jzfyrpc dzy slo ozyp fyez stx.
9:25 Lyo sp dlto, Nfcdpo mp Nlylly; l dpcglye zq dpcglyed dslww sp mp fyez std mcpescpy.
9:26 Lyo sp dlto, Mwpddpo mp esp WZCO Rzo zq Dspx; lyo Nlylly dslww mp std dpcglye.
9:27 Rzo dslww pywlcrp Ulaspes, lyo sp dslww ohpww ty esp epyed zq Dspx; lyo Nlylly dslww mp std dpcglye.
9:28 Lyo Yzls wtgpo lqepc esp qwzzo escpp sfyocpo lyo qtqej jplcd.
9:29 Lyo lww esp oljd zq Yzls hpcp ytyp sfyocpo lyo qtqej jplcd: lyo sp otpo.
10:1 Yzh espdp lcp esp rpypcletzyd zq esp dzyd zq Yzls, Dspx, Slx, lyo Ulaspes: lyo fyez espx hpcp dzyd mzcy lqepc esp qwzzo.
10:2 Esp dzyd zq Ulaspes; Rzxpc, lyo Xlrzr, lyo Xlolt, lyo Ulgly, lyo Efmlw, lyo Xpdspns, lyo Etcld.
10:3 Lyo esp dzyd zq Rzxpc; Ldsvpylk, lyo Ctasles, lyo Ezrlcxls.
10:4 Lyo esp dzyd zq Ulgly; Pwtdsls, lyo Elcdstds, Vteetx, lyo Ozolytx.
10:5 Mj espdp hpcp esp tdwpd zq esp Rpyetwpd otgtopo ty esptc wlyod; pgpcj zyp lqepc std ezyrfp, lqepc esptc qlxtwtpd, ty esptc yletzyd.
10:6 Lyo esp dzyd zq Slx; Nfds, lyo Xtkcltx, lyo Asfe, lyo Nlylly.
10:7 Lyo esp dzyd zq Nfds; Dpml, lyo Slgtwls, lyo Dlmels, lyo Cllxls, lyo Dlmepnsls: lyo esp dzyd zq Cllxls; Dspml, lyo Opoly.
10:8 Lyo Nfds mprle Ytxczo: sp mprly ez mp l xtrsej zyp ty esp plces.
10:9 Sp hld l xtrsej sfyepc mpqzcp esp WZCO: hspcpqzcp te td dlto, Pgpy ld Ytxczo esp xtrsej sfyepc mpqzcp esp WZCO.
10:10 Lyo esp mprtyytyr zq std vtyrozx hld Mlmpw, lyo Pcpns, lyo Lnnlo, lyo Nlwyps, ty esp wlyo zq Dstylc.
10:11 Zfe zq esle wlyo hpye qzces Lddsfc, lyo mftwopo Ytypgps, lyo esp ntej Cpszmzes, lyo Nlwls,
10:12 Lyo Cpdpy mpehppy Ytypgps lyo Nlwls: esp dlxp td l rcple ntej.
10:13 Lyo Xtkcltx mprle Wfotx, lyo Lylxtx, lyo Wpslmtx, lyo Ylasefstx,
10:14 Lyo Alescfdtx, lyo Nldwfstx, (zfe zq hszx nlxp Astwtdetx,) lyo Nlasezctx.
10:15 Lyo Nlylly mprle Dtozy std qtcde mzcy, lyo Spes,
10:16 Lyo esp Upmfdtep, lyo esp Lxzctep, lyo esp Rtcrldtep,
10:17 Lyo esp Stgtep, lyo esp Lcvtep, lyo esp Dtytep,
10:18 Lyo esp Lcglotep, lyo esp Kpxlctep, lyo esp Slxlestep: lyo lqepchlco hpcp esp qlxtwtpd zq esp Nlyllytepd dacplo lmczlo.
10:19 Lyo esp mzcopc zq esp Nlyllytepd hld qczx Dtozy, ld eszf nzxpde ez Rpclc, fyez Rlkl; ld eszf rzpde, fyez Dzozx, lyo Rzxzccls, lyo Loxls, lyo Kpmztx, pgpy fyez Wldsl.
10:20 Espdp lcp esp dzyd zq Slx, lqepc esptc qlxtwtpd, lqepc esptc ezyrfpd, ty esptc nzfyectpd, lyo ty esptc yletzyd.
10:21 Fyez Dspx lwdz, esp qlespc zq lww esp nstwocpy zq Pmpc, esp mczespc zq Ulaspes esp pwopc, pgpy ez stx hpcp nstwocpy mzcy.
10:22 Esp nstwocpy zq Dspx; Pwlx, lyo Lddsfc, lyo Lcaslilo, lyo Wfo, lyo Lclx.
10:23 Lyo esp nstwocpy zq Lclx; Fk, lyo Sfw, lyo Rpespc, lyo Xlds.
10:24 Lyo Lcaslilo mprle Dlwls; lyo Dlwls mprle Pmpc.
10:25 Lyo fyez Pmpc hpcp mzcy ehz dzyd: esp ylxp zq zyp hld Apwpr; qzc ty std oljd hld esp plces otgtopo; lyo std mczespc'd ylxp hld Uzvely.
10:26 Lyo Uzvely mprle Lwxzolo, lyo Dspwpas, lyo Slklcxlgpes, lyo Upcls,
10:27 Lyo Slozclx, lyo Fklw, lyo Otvwls,
10:28 Lyo Zmlw, lyo Lmtxlpw, lyo Dspml,
10:29 Lyo Zastc, lyo Slgtwls, lyo Uzmlm: lww espdp hpcp esp dzyd zq Uzvely.
10:30 Lyo esptc ohpwwtyr hld qczx Xpdsl, ld eszf rzpde fyez Dpaslc l xzfye zq esp plde.
10:31 Espdp lcp esp dzyd zq Dspx, lqepc esptc qlxtwtpd, lqepc esptc ezyrfpd, ty esptc wlyod, lqepc esptc yletzyd.
10:32 Espdp lcp esp qlxtwtpd zq esp dzyd zq Yzls, lqepc esptc rpypcletzyd, ty esptc yletzyd: lyo mj espdp hpcp esp yletzyd otgtopo ty esp plces lqepc esp qwzzo.

output9
1:1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
1:2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
1:3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.
1:4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.
1:5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.
1:6 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.
1:7 And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.
1:8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.
1:9 And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.
1:10 And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.
1:11 And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.
1:12 And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
1:13 And the evening and the morning were the third day.
1:14 And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:
1:15 And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.
1:16 And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.
1:17 And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,
1:18 And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.
1:19 And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.
1:20 And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.
1:21 And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
1:22 And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.
1:23 And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.
1:24 And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.
1:25 And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
1:26 And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
1:27 So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.
1:28 And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.
1:29 And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.
1:30 And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.
1:31 And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.
2:1 Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them.
2:2 And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.
2:3 And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made.
2:4 These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens,
2:5 And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground.
2:6 But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.
2:7 And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
2:8 And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed.
2:9 And out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil.
2:10 And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads.
2:11 The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;
2:12 And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.
2:13 And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia.
2:14 And the name of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates.
2:15 And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.
2:16 And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat:
2:17 But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.
2:18 And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him.
2:19 And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.
2:20 And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.
2:21 And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof;
2:22 And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.
2:23 And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.
2:24 Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.
2:25 And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed.
3:1 Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden?
3:2 And the woman said unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden:
3:3 But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.
3:4 And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die:
3:5 For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.
3:6 And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat.
3:7 And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
3:8 And they heard the voice of the LORD God walking in the garden in the cool of the day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD God amongst the trees of the garden.
3:9 And the LORD God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou?
3:10 And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself.
3:11 And he said, Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat?
3:12 And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat.
3:13 And the LORD God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast done? And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.
3:14 And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life:
3:15 And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.
3:16 Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.
3:17 And unto Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life;
3:18 Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field;
3:19 In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.
3:20 And Adam called his wife's name Eve; because she was the mother of all living.
3:21 Unto Adam also and to his wife did the LORD God make coats of skins, and clothed them.
3:22 And the LORD God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever:
3:23 Therefore the LORD God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken.
3:24 So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life.
4:1 And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD.
4:2 And she again bare his brother Abel. And Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground.
4:3 And in process of time it came to pass, that Cain brought of the fruit of the ground an offering unto the LORD.
4:4 And Abel, he also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of the fat thereof. And the LORD had respect unto Abel and to his offering:
4:5 But unto Cain and to his offering he had not respect. And Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.
4:6 And the LORD said unto Cain, Why art thou wroth? and why is thy countenance fallen?
4:7 If thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted? and if thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door. And unto thee shall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over him.
4:8 And Cain talked with Abel his brother: and it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him.
4:9 And the LORD said unto Cain, Where is Abel thy brother? And he said, I know not: Am I my brother's keeper?
4:10 And he said, What hast thou done? the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground.
4:11 And now art thou cursed from the earth, which hath opened her mouth to receive thy brother's blood from thy hand;
4:12 When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength; a fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be in the earth.
4:13 And Cain said unto the LORD, My punishment is greater than I can bear.
4:14 Behold, thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the earth; and from thy face shall I be hid; and I shall be a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth; and it shall come to pass, that every one that findeth me shall slay me.
4:15 And the LORD said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. And the LORD set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him.
4:16 And Cain went out from the presence of the LORD, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden.
4:17 And Cain knew his wife; and she conceived, and bare Enoch: and he builded a city, and called the name of the city, after the name of his son, Enoch.
4:18 And unto Enoch was born Irad: and Irad begat Mehujael: and Mehujael begat Methusael: and Methusael begat Lamech.
4:19 And Lamech took unto him two wives: the name of the one was Adah, and the name of the other Zillah.
4:20 And Adah bare Jabal: he was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of such as have cattle.
4:21 And his brother's name was Jubal: he was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ.
4:22 And Zillah, she also bare Tubalcain, an instructer of every artificer in brass and iron: and the sister of Tubalcain was Naamah.
4:23 And Lamech said unto his wives, Adah and Zillah, Hear my voice; ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my speech: for I have slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt.
4:24 If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold.
4:25 And Adam knew his wife again; and she bare a son, and called his name Seth: For God, said she, hath appointed me another seed instead of Abel, whom Cain slew.
4:26 And to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the LORD.
5:1 This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God created man, in the likeness of God made he him;
5:2 Male and female created he them; and blessed them, and called their name Adam, in the day when they were created.
5:3 And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son in his own likeness, after his image; and called his name Seth:
5:4 And the days of Adam after he had begotten Seth were eight hundred years: and he begat sons and daughters:
5:5 And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty years: and he died.
5:6 And Seth lived an hundred and five years, and begat Enos:
5:7 And Seth lived after he begat Enos eight hundred and seven years, and begat sons and daughters:
5:8 And all the days of Seth were nine hundred and twelve years: and he died.
5:9 And Enos lived ninety years, and begat Cainan:
5:10 And Enos lived after he begat Cainan eight hundred and fifteen years, and begat sons and daughters:
5:11 And all the days of Enos were nine hundred and five years: and he died.
5:12 And Cainan lived seventy years, and begat Mahalaleel:
5:13 And Cainan lived after he begat Mahalaleel eight hundred and forty years, and begat sons and daughters:
5:14 And all the days of Cainan were nine hundred and ten years: and he died.
5:15 And Mahalaleel lived sixty and five years, and begat Jared:
5:16 And Mahalaleel lived after he begat Jared eight hundred and thirty years, and begat sons and daughters:
5:17 And all the days of Mahalaleel were eight hundred ninety and five years: and he died.
5:18 And Jared lived an hundred sixty and two years, and he begat Enoch:
5:19 And Jared lived after he begat Enoch eight hundred years, and begat sons and daughters:
5:20 And all the days of Jared were nine hundred sixty and two years: and he died.
5:21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah:
5:22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters:
5:23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years:
5:24 And Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took him.
5:25 And Methuselah lived an hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech:
5:26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters:
5:27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died.
5:28 And Lamech lived an hundred eighty and two years, and begat a son:
5:29 And he called his name Noah, saying, This same shall comfort us concerning our work and toil of our hands, because of the ground which the LORD hath cursed.
5:30 And Lamech lived after he begat Noah five hundred ninety and five years, and begat sons and daughters:
5:31 And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred seventy and seven years: and he died.
5:32 And Noah was five hundred years old: and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
6:1 And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them,
6:2 That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.
6:3 And the LORD said, My spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years.
6:4 There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.
6:5 And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.
6:6 And it repented the LORD that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart.
6:7 And the LORD said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them.
6:8 But Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD.
6:9 These are the generations of Noah: Noah was a just man and perfect in his generations, and Noah walked with God.
6:10 And Noah begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
6:11 The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence.
6:12 And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth.
6:13 And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth.
6:14 Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch.
6:15 And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.
6:16 A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it.
6:17 And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; and every thing that is in the earth shall die.
6:18 But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee.
6:19 And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female.
6:20 Of fowls after their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the earth after his kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive.
6:21 And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and thou shalt gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for them.
6:22 Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did he.
7:1 And the LORD said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy house into the ark; for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation.
7:2 Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male and his female: and of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and his female.
7:3 Of fowls also of the air by sevens, the male and the female; to keep seed alive upon the face of all the earth.
7:4 For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of the earth.
7:5 And Noah did according unto all that the LORD commanded him.
7:6 And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth.
7:7 And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood.
7:8 Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of every thing that creepeth upon the earth,
7:9 There went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noah.
7:10 And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth.
7:11 In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened.
7:12 And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights.
7:13 In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into the ark;
7:14 They, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort.
7:15 And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein is the breath of life.
7:16 And they that went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God had commanded him: and the LORD shut him in.
7:17 And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, and bare up the ark, and it was lift up above the earth.
7:18 And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters.
7:19 And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered.
7:20 Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered.
7:21 And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man:
7:22 All in whose nostrils was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died.
7:23 And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth: and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark.
7:24 And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty days.
8:1 And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the cattle that was with him in the ark: and God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters asswaged;
8:2 The fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained;
8:3 And the waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the end of the hundred and fifty days the waters were abated.
8:4 And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat.
8:5 And the waters decreased continually until the tenth month: in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, were the tops of the mountains seen.
8:6 And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made:
8:7 And he sent forth a raven, which went forth to and fro, until the waters were dried up from off the earth.
8:8 Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground;
8:9 But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, for the waters were on the face of the whole earth: then he put forth his hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark.
8:10 And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark;
8:11 And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth.
8:12 And he stayed yet other seven days; and sent forth the dove; which returned not again unto him any more.
8:13 And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dry.
8:14 And in the second month, on the seven and twentieth day of the month, was the earth dried.
8:15 And God spake unto Noah, saying,
8:16 Go forth of the ark, thou, and thy wife, and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with thee.
8:17 Bring forth with thee every living thing that is with thee, of all flesh, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth; that they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply upon the earth.
8:18 And Noah went forth, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him:
8:19 Every beast, every creeping thing, and every fowl, and whatsoever creepeth upon the earth, after their kinds, went forth out of the ark.
8:20 And Noah builded an altar unto the LORD; and took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the altar.
8:21 And the LORD smelled a sweet savour; and the LORD said in his heart, I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth; neither will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have done.
8:22 While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease.
9:1 And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth.
9:2 And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth, and upon every fowl of the air, upon all that moveth upon the earth, and upon all the fishes of the sea; into your hand are they delivered.
9:3 Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you; even as the green herb have I given you all things.
9:4 But flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood thereof, shall ye not eat.
9:5 And surely your blood of your lives will I require; at the hand of every beast will I require it, and at the hand of man; at the hand of every man's brother will I require the life of man.
9:6 Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man.
9:7 And you, be ye fruitful, and multiply; bring forth abundantly in the earth, and multiply therein.
9:8 And God spake unto Noah, and to his sons with him, saying,
9:9 And I, behold, I establish my covenant with you, and with your seed after you;
9:10 And with every living creature that is with you, of the fowl, of the cattle, and of every beast of the earth with you; from all that go out of the ark, to every beast of the earth.
9:11 And I will establish my covenant with you; neither shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of a flood; neither shall there any more be a flood to destroy the earth.
9:12 And God said, This is the token of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for perpetual generations:
9:13 I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant between me and the earth.
9:14 And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud:
9:15 And I will remember my covenant, which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and the waters shall no more become a flood to destroy all flesh.
9:16 And the bow shall be in the cloud; and I will look upon it, that I may remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth.
9:17 And God said unto Noah, This is the token of the covenant, which I have established between me and all flesh that is upon the earth.
9:18 And the sons of Noah, that went forth of the ark, were Shem, and Ham, and Japheth: and Ham is the father of Canaan.
9:19 These are the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth overspread.
9:20 And Noah began to be an husbandman, and he planted a vineyard:
9:21 And he drank of the wine, and was drunken; and he was uncovered within his tent.
9:22 And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brethren without.
9:23 And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid it upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces were backward, and they saw not their father's nakedness.
9:24 And Noah awoke from his wine, and knew what his younger son had done unto him.
9:25 And he said, Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren.
9:26 And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant.
9:27 God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant.
9:28 And Noah lived after the flood three hundred and fifty years.
9:29 And all the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years: and he died.
10:1 Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood.
10:2 The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras.
10:3 And the sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah.
10:4 And the sons of Javan; Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim.
10:5 By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.
10:6 And the sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan.
10:7 And the sons of Cush; Seba, and Havilah, and Sabtah, and Raamah, and Sabtechah: and the sons of Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan.
10:8 And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in the earth.
10:9 He was a mighty hunter before the LORD: wherefore it is said, Even as Nimrod the mighty hunter before the LORD.
10:10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
10:11 Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah,
10:12 And Resen between Nineveh and Calah: the same is a great city.
10:13 And Mizraim begat Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehabim, and Naphtuhim,
10:14 And Pathrusim, and Casluhim, (out of whom came Philistim,) and Caphtorim.
10:15 And Canaan begat Sidon his first born, and Heth,
10:16 And the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgasite,
10:17 And the Hivite, and the Arkite, and the Sinite,
10:18 And the Arvadite, and the Zemarite, and the Hamathite: and afterward were the families of the Canaanites spread abroad.
10:19 And the border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as thou comest to Gerar, unto Gaza; as thou goest, unto Sodom, and Gomorrah, and Admah, and Zeboim, even unto Lasha.
10:20 These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after their tongues, in their countries, and in their nations.
10:21 Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder, even to him were children born.
10:22 The children of Shem; Elam, and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram.
10:23 And the children of Aram; Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Mash.
10:24 And Arphaxad begat Salah; and Salah begat Eber.
10:25 And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother's name was Joktan.
10:26 And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and Jerah,
10:27 And Hadoram, and Uzal, and Diklah,
10:28 And Obal, and Abimael, and Sheba,
10:29 And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab: all these were the sons of Joktan.
10:30 And their dwelling was from Mesha, as thou goest unto Sephar a mount of the east.
10:31 These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations.
10:32 These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood.
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